internet governance beyond institutions? rethinking rule-making in the digital

Re-Thinking Rule-Making in the Digital

Internet Governance beyond Institutions

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Christian Katzenbach !

Guest Lecture

University of Tampere

March 28, 2014

Internet Policy/Governance on the Agenda!

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What is Internet Governance, anyways?

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Internet Governance: Common Definitions

„the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the Internet“

WGIG 2005

„Common to all definitions of governance is a notion of steering.“

„Internet governance refers generally to policy and technical coordination issues related to the exchange of information over the Internet“ DeNArdis 2009 van eeten / Mueller 2013

Rule-Making as Steering

Intentionality

Subject vs. Object of Regulation

Internet Governance: Common Institutions

Internet Governance as Transnational Governance

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!!!Pluralization of Actors !!

Puppis 2010

Internet Governance as Transnational Governance

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transnationalself-/co-regulationtransnationalself-/co-regulation

!!!Pluralization of Actors !!

Puppis 2010

Internet Governance Definitions

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!Process-Dimension Internet Governance as Steering

!Structural Dimension Internet Governance as Policy Organizations

Internet Policy/Governance on the Agenda!

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What is Internet Governance, anyways?

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What is Governance, anyways?

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Governance: Common Definitions

„governance refers to all patterns of rule and explores the construction of social order and social coordination“

„sustaining co-ordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and objectives such as political actors and institutions, corporate interests, civil society, and transnational organizations.’’Bevir 2009

„the regulatory structure as a whole, i.e., the entirety of forms of rules that aim to organize media systems"

Rechtswissenschaft„the sum total of mechanisms, both formal and informal, national and supranational, centralized and dispersed, that aim to organize media systems“

Pierre 2000

Freedman 2008 Puppis 2010

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Coordination and Interdependencies

Sociology

Binding Rules and Collective Goods

Political Science

Law and Regulatory Structures

Legal Scholars

Transaction Costs

Economics

Governance: Disciplinary Interests

Governance (Structure): Pluralization of Actors

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!!!Pluralization of Actors !• Multiple Fora und Policy Organizations • Heterogenous Actors • Heterogenous Intentions

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Puppis 2010

Governance (Structure): Pluralization of Actors

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transnationalself-/co-regulationtransnationalself-/co-regulation

!!!Pluralization of Actors !• Multiple Fora und Policy Organizations • Heterogenous Actors • Heterogenous Intentions

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Puppis 2010

Governance (Process): De-Centering Coordination

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!!!Pluralization of Mechanisms !!!

Discourse

Values

Competition

Legislation

Norms

Expertise

Knowledge

Institutions

Coordination

Legitimation

Markets

Governance: Summary

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!!Governance Research undermines notion of… !• Rule-Making as Steering and of… • Rule-Making as happening exclusively in Policy Organizations !

—> De-centered and Heterogenous Governance Arrangements

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From Governance as Regulationto Governance as (reflexive) Coordination

Governance: Changing the Perspective

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Social Order

Regulation / Steering

Governance: Changing the Perspective

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Social Order

Regulation / Steering

Coordination

Governance with Sociological Neo-Insitutionalism

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Regulative Pillar Institutions as sanction-based Regulations

!Normative Pillar Institutions as normative

Expectations

!Cultural-Cognitive Pillar Institutionen as cultural-cognitive Patterns

!+ Material Dimension Technological and Material

Manifestation of Institutions

Side-path: Technologies as Institutions?

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Impacts of Technology on social behaviour and sectoral change1


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Impacts of Technology on social behaviour and sectoral change1 Political and Social Construction of

Technology2


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Technology2‣ Technology in Use!

‣ Meaning and Usage are ascribed, not determined!‣ Domestication


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‣ Technology Development!‣ „Leitbilder“!‣ Standardisation!‣ Regulation


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‣ Technology as functional equivalent!‣ Durkheim‘s social facts!‣ Hardened social action and structured


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‣ Technology is Society made durable

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Picture: clemensfranz (CC By-SA 3.0)


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Impacts of Technology on social behaviour and sectoral change1


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Technology2


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‣ Technology is Society made durable

Governance with Sociological Neo-Insitutionalism

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Expectations




Regulation (+ incl. Private ordering) !!

(informal) Norms and Practises !

Discourses and Framings !

!Governance and Technology

4 Research Perspectives

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Expectations




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Illustrating the 4 Research Perspectives

!Coordinating the Circulation of Cultural Goods (the regulatory Field formerly known as Coypright)

Governance I: Regulation + Private Ordering

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Lead Questions: Which Actors establish which Rules with what kind of Scope? How is Compliance monitored and Deviation sanctioned? How are Rules interpreted and adapted? !Empirical Account: Establishment, Materialisation and Adaption of Rules !Examples: Copyight (International Contracts, national Agreements), ToS of Digital Services and Online Platforms, Google Books

Governance II: (informal) Norms and Practices

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Lead Questions: With which normative expectations are actors confronted, which ones are internalized? How are these norms establish and negotiated? !Empirical Account: Beobachtung und Befragung von Communities !Examples: Sharing Practises on Platforms (Tumblr), Darknet File-Sharing, from low IP Regimes to complex Digital Media?

Governance III: Discourses and Framings

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Lead Questions: What is „taken for granted“? Construction and Deconstruction of shared Frames and Perspectives?

!Empirical Accounts: Discourse Analyses, Politisation, Issue Formation, Frames

!Examples: Conflicts on „Intellectual Property“ Haunss); the construction of „music piracy“(Denegri-Knott); Imitation und Innovation in der Games-Branche

Governance IV: Governance and Technology

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Lead Questions: In which way are Rules inscribed into Technologie? How do Algorithms structure and regulate our Communication Routines?

!Empirical Accounts: Ethnograhies of Tinkering, Digital Methods, User Interactions

!Examples: DRM in the Music and Publishing Industry; YouTube’ Upload-Filtering Google Search, Facebook Newsstream

Conclusion: Internet Governance as Coordination

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!!Rule-Making is not only about Steering !Rule-Making that does not only happen in Policy Organization !Complexity and Disarray of regulatory sources, sites and process !From Governance as Regulation to Governance as Coordination !» Internet Governance and Everyday Life

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!!Pictures Bundestag: Times, CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg

DSDS, American Idol, Indian Idol: Pressematerial der Sender.

Instagram, iTunes: Eigene Screenshots der Websites.

Küche: Cornelius Jacobsen (Riksarkivet, National Archives of Norway. Archivnr: Pa1528_ua2_012. URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/national_archives_of_norway/6475926375/)

Laurel & Hardy: Dougal McGuire CC-BY-SA 2.0. URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/tom-margie/1535543995/)

Christian Katzenbach !Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Berlin, Germany [email protected]

Visit our Internet Policy Review under http://policyreview.info !

for short-form papers on !Internet Governance

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/national_archives_of_norway/6475926375/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/tom-margie/1535543995/

mailto:[email protected]