Internet of Things (IOT) /M2M

Abstract: - It has been estimated by GSMA (GSM Association) and Machina Research

(World’s leading advisor on M2M, Internet of Things and Big Data) that there may be 24

billion connected devices globally by 2020. Ericsson has projected this to be 50 billion. Such

projections entice the industry to explore and tap a wide range of oppurtunities that the

M2M (Machine to Machine) communication concept offers, enabling novel business cases,

enhanced workflow, efficiency and improved quality of life. To understand the concept, brief

of IOT (Internet of things), M2M basic architecture & applications in different verticals,

Global / Indian scenario has been described. Prominent telecommunications standards

bodies such as 3GPP, ETSI, OneM2M and other SDOs are largely involved in providing

recommendations and standards in the context of M2M. OneM2M is expected to release first

set of workable standards in July 2014. [8]

1. Internet of things (IOT)

Communication between computers started with the Electronic Data Interchange that made

direct communication possible between two PCs. All the computers connected to the

Internet can talk to each other. Use of mobile phones for connecting internet has

revolutionized the entire scenario. With Internet of Things the communication is extended

via Internet among all the things that surround us.

At the first look, it may appear that Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications and IoT

denote the same thing. In reality, M2M is only a subset of IoT. IoT is a more

encompassing phenomenon because it also includes Human-to-Machine

communication (H2M). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Location-Based

Services (LBS), Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC), sensors, Augmented Reality (AR), robotics and vehicle

telematics, which are some of the technology innovations that employ both M2M and H2M

communications. Their common feature is to combine embedded sensory objects with

communication intelligence and transporting data over a mix of wired and wireless

networks. A typical view of IOT is given in figure-1*.

*Source – IERC 2012, [3] Figure – 1

1.1. The data so generated acts as vital input for intelligence for planning, management,

policy, and decision making. Some of the important properties of Internet of Things are as follows:-

A Unique Internet Address by which each connected physical object and device will be

identified, and therefore be able to communicate with one another.

A Unique Location—can be fixed or mobile—within a network or system (for example, a

smart electricity grid) that makes sense of the function and purpose of the object in its

specified environment, generating intelligence to enable autonomous actions in line with

that purpose.

An Increase in Machine-Generated and Machine-Processed Information that will surpass

human-processed information, potentially linking in with other systems to create what

some have called "the nervous system of the planet."

Complex New Capabilities in Security, Analytics, and Management, achievable through

more powerful software and processing devices, that enable a network of connected

devices and systems to cluster and interoperate transparently in a "network of networks."

Time and Location Achieve New Levels of Importance in information processing as

Internet-connected objects work to generate ambient intelligence; for example, on

the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) efficiency of a building, or to study

soil samples and climatic change in relation to crop growth.

1.2.The enabling technologies for Internet of Things are sensor networks, RFID, M2M, mobile

Internet, wired & wireless communication network, semantic data integration, semantic

search, IPV4 / IPv6, etc. In wireless communication Wi-Fi, ZigBee, 6LOPAN, Bluetooth

technology may be used for short range connectivity of devices / devices to the gateway and

GSM 2G/ 3G/ 4G or WiMax for connecting M2M gateway to server.

1.3. IPV4 addresses are going to exhaust. Standarisation and adoption of IPV6 in telecom

and ICT organisations will provide an opportunity of having billions of devices which can be IP

enabled and seamlessly addressable through mobile or wired broadband connections.

1.4. Application areas of IOT: - Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse,

permeating intopractically all areas of every-day life of individuals, enterprises, and society

as a whole. The 2010 Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) has identified and

described the main Internet of Things applications, which span numerous application domains

such as smart energy, smart health, smart buildings, smart transport, smart living and smart

cities.

1.5. Smart Energy Grid / Internet of Energy: - Concept of Internet of Energy requires web

based architectures to readily guarantee information delivery on demand and to change the

traditional power system into a networked Smart Grid that is largely automated, by applying

greater intelligence to operate, enforce policies, monitor and self-heal when necessary. This

requires the integration and interfacing of the power grid to the network of data represented

by the Internet, embracing energy generation, transmission, delivery, substations,

distribution control, metering and billing, diagnostics, and information systems to work

seamlessly and consistently.

This concept would enable the ability to produce, store and efficiently use energy, while

balancing the supply/demand by using a cognitive Internet of Energy that harmonizes the

energy grid by processing the data, information and knowledge via the Internet. Internet of

Energy will leverage on the information highway provided by the Internet to link computers,

devices and services with the distributed smart energy grid that is the freight highway for

renewable energy resources allowing stake holders to invest in green technologies and sell

excess energy back to the utility.

1.6. A typical diagram of Internet of Things for Energy Applications is as given below in figure

2*:-

Figure – 2: Internet of Things embedded in Internet of Energy applications. *Source – IERC 2012, [3]

1.7. RFID and wireless sensor network, being important components of IOT are being

described below:-

1.7.1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):- RFID technology is a major

breakthrough in the embedded communication paradigm which enables design of microchips

for wireless data communication. They help in automatic identification of anything they are

attached to acting as an electronic barcode. The passive RFID tags are not battery powered

and they use the power of the reader‘s interrogation signal to communicate the ID to the

RFID reader. This has resulted in many applications particularly in retail and supply chain

management. The applications can be found in transportation (replacement of tickets,

registration stickers) and access control applications as well. The passive tags are currently

being used in many bank cards and road toll tags which is among the first global

deployments. Active RFID readers have their own battery supply and can initiate the

communication. Of the several applications, the main application of active RFID tags is in

port containers for monitoring cargo.

1.7.2. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN):- Recent technological advances in low power

integrated circuits and wireless communications have made available efficient, low cost, low

power miniature devices for use in remote sensing applications. The combination of these

factors has improved the viability of utilizing a sensor network consisting of a large number

of intelligent sensors, enabling the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of

valuable information, gathered in a variety of environments. Active RFID is nearly the same

as the lower end WSN nodes with limited processing capability and storage. The scientific

challenges that must be overcome in order to realize the enormous potential of WSNs are

substantial and multidisciplinary in nature. Sensor data are shared among sensor nodes and

sent to a distributed or centralized system for analytics. The components that make up the

WSN monitoring network include:

a) WSN hardware - Typically a node (WSN core hardware) contains sensor interfaces,

processing units, transceiver units and power supply. Almost always, they comprise of

multiple A/D converters for sensor interfacing and more modern sensor nodes have the

ability to communicate using one frequency band making them more versatile.

b) WSN communication stack - The nodes are expected to be deployed in an ad-hoc manner

for most applications. Designing an appropriate topology, routing and MAC layer is critical

for scalability and longevity of the deployed network. Nodes in a WSN need to communicate

among themselves to transmit data in single or multi-hop to a gateway / base station. Node

drop outs, and consequent degraded network lifetimes, are frequent. The communication

stack at the sink node should be able to interact with the outside world through the Internet

to act as a gateway to the WSN subnet and the Internet.

1.8. M2M is in a smaller concept whereas IOT is a bigger one comprising various verticals as

described in figure 3*.

*Source: FRAUNHOFER FOKUS [7] Figure – 3

2. Having explainedvarious components of IOT, we now deal with M2M communication.

M2M:-M2M stands for “machine-to-machine” communications. Essentially, it is the

exchange of data between a remote machine and a back-end IT infrastructure. Transfer of

data can be two way:

Uplink to collect product / usage information.

Downlink to send instructions.

Machine to Machine refers to the technologies that allows wired / wireless system to

communicate with the devices of same ability. M2M uses a device (sensor, meter, etc.) to

capture an ‘event’ (temperature, inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a network

(wireless, wired or hybrid) to an application (software program), that translates the

captured event into meaningful information (e.g., items need to be restocked).

Thus M2M holds a big prospect of reviving and redefining the operating models for Telecom

Equipment manufacturers and Telecom Operators alike.

With connectivity, traditional hardware makers currently earning margins on a one-time, per-

device basis can realize new recurring revenue and profit streams. Connected device providers

can also reduce or eliminate support costs by allowing their connected machines to be serviced

remotely. The ability for any device or machine to communicate wirelessly—not just cell phones

and PDAs—enables value beyond what we can even imagine today.

Through connectivity, new value, new products, and new applications that were not possible

even a few years ago are being brought to market as manufacturers realize enormous benefits

from their ability to:

• Create new recurring revenues from ongoing services.

• Develop whole new product lines that rely on real-time two-way connectivity

• Perform diagnostics and repairs remotely

• Monitor machine status and usage in real time

• Increase profitability by lowering service costs and improving product performance

2.1. M2M network :-In the past, the high cost of deploying M2M technology made it the

exclusive domain of large organizations that could afford to build and maintain their own

dedicated data networks. Today, the widespread adoption of cellular technology has made

wireless M2M technology available to manufacturers all over the world.

As shown below in figure-3*, wireless M2M applications include connectivity-enabled

devices that use a cellular data link to communicate with the computer server. A database

to store collected data and a software application that allows the data to be analyzed, reported, and acted upon are also key components of a successful end-to-end solution.

*Source: [5] Figure-3

Capillary Network: - The sensors, communication and processing units act as endpoints of

M2M applications and together constitute the capillary network. The devices will

interconnect amongst themselves over various PAN and LAN technologies in both Wireless

and Wireline domain. Their primary components are sensors, processors, and radio

transceivers. The primary WPAN technology enablers in this space are ZigBee and

Bluetooth. The sensors also known as smart nodes form Bluetooth piconets or ZigBee

networks used for coordination and transmission of the collected data to the Gateway.

M2M Gateways:-The Gateway module provides control and localization services for data

collection. The gateways also double up in concentrating traffic to the operator’s core.It

supports Bluetooth, Zig Bee, GPRS capabilities. It supports wireless communication

standards like GSM/GPRS, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth/IEEE 802.15.1 (supports communication

links between devices on short distances) and ZigBee /IEEE 802.15.4 (used for low speed

data transfer between low-power consumer devices).

M2M communication network serves as infrastructure for realising communication between

M2M gateway and M2M end userv application or server. For this cellular network (GSM

/CDMA), Wire line network and communication satellites may be used. Satellite

communication being costlier may be used in remote locations. Cellular network being

cheaper and having wide coverage is being used world wide for M2M deployment.

Finally when the data reach the M2M application center, it can be analyzed, reported or

acted upon by the user or the process depending upon the specific system design.

2.2. M2M applications:-M2M applications as per industry are given below*:-

S.No. Industry / Vertical M2M applications

1. Automotive Passenger vehicle anti theft / recovery, monitoring

/maintenance, safety/control, entertainment.

2. Transportation Fleet management, asset tracking, telematics,

manufacturing and logistics.

3. Utilities / Energy Smart metering, smart grid, Electric line monitoring, gas

/ oil / water pipeline monitoring.

4. Security Commercial and home security monitoring, Surveillance

applications, Fire alarm, Police / medical alert

5. Financial /Retail Point of sale (POS), ATM, Kiosk, Vending machines,

digital signage and handheld terminals.

6. Health care Remote monitoring of patient after surgery (e-health),

remote diagnostics, medication reminders, Tele-medicine

7. Public Safety Highway, bridge, traffic management, homeland

security, police, fire and emergency services. *Source: Heavy reading and pyramid research 2012

3. Global Scenario:-The Internet revolution led to the interconnection between people at

an unprecedented scale and pace. The next revolution will be the interconnection between

objects to create a smart environment. Today the connected device is dominated by mobile

phones but in future it will change to new era of smart phones, tablets, consumer

electronics and M2M connects every thing from cars to health services and even entire

cities.

GSMA (Mobile world congress), in partnership with Machina research has predicted the

bussiness impact of connected devices to be worth US $ 4.5 trillion in 2020 when the total

connected devices will reach to 24 billion world wide.

As per Machina research, total number of connected devices is expected to increase from 9

billion today to 24 billion in 2020 and within this, mobile connected devices will grow from

approx. 6.5 billion today to 12 billion in 2020.

As per GSMA and Machina Research, top ten connected apploications with approx. business

impact is as given below:-

S.No. Top Ten Connected Applications in 2020 Value to the Connected

Life

1 Connected Car US$600 billion

2 Clinical Remote Monitoring US$350 billion

3 Assisted Living US$270 billion

4 Home and Building Security US$250 billion

5 Pay-As-You-Drive Car Insurance US$245 billion

6 New Business Models for Car Usage US$225 billion

7 Smart Meters US$105 billion

8 Traffic Management US$100 billion

9 Electric Vehicle Charging US$75 billion

10 Building Automation US$40 billion

According to the GSMA, this amounts to $1.3 trillion revenue opportunities for mobile

network operators alone spanning vertical segments such as health, automotive, utilities

and consumer electronics. The users span from an individual to national level organizations

addressing wide ranging issues. [9]

4. Indian Scenario :- As per projections by Ericssion, Indian M2M market may rise from 30 Million in 2013 to more than 250 million in 2020. Automotive (connected vehicles) is having a market share of 45% and Energy (smart meters) 23%. Other applications are Point of sale (POS), health care, security and surveillance, intelligent buildings, smart homes etc. M2M applications will make the living smart and improve the quality of life. Communication elements of the smart network are shown in the figure-4 given below*:-

*Source: FRAUNHOFER FOKUS [7] Figure- 4

Many industries are being transformed with respect to their business processes, resulting

from engineering market changes driven by substantial increase of M2M pervasiveness. E.g.

in the energy sector, smart metering increases business efficiencies and decreases

operational expenses for energy companies; transportation tracking solutions improve route

optimization and safety for vehicles on the road; the healthcare industry is also looking into

improvement of patient care through instant device communications, remote monitoring

and disease management

Mobile broadband plays an important role in connecting the devices. It is forecast that the

M2M communication industry’s upcoming rapid increase is driven mainly by new initiatives

by major mobile operator groups mostly from Europe and North America (Telenor, Orange,

Vodafone, T-Mobile, Telefónica, AT&T, Verizon, Sprint), which are geographically main

market areas with about 60 percent of the total number of M2M connections worldwide.

Among industry verticals benefitting from M2M paradigm, automotive industry is assessed

as the largest as it alone accounted for approximately 40 percent of total number of

wireless M2M connections.

5. Service provider challenges

1. A complex and fragmented value chain:-The Internet of Things value chain is

expected to be complex and fragmented into various niche applications, devices, modules,

vertical markets and services. It will include product, system and content providers and

solution integrators. Because no single company can provide all components of a complete

solution, it is not clear who will play what role. Partnership can help.

2. Network requirements :-Network challenges result from increasing network

traffic, caused by an extremely high number of short messages (SMS) with high

signaling overhead:

3. Availability:-Connectivity will be required in locations not yet considered in current

networks.

4. Reliability:-If networks are critical parts of the business, they must be as reliable

as any other critical equipment.

5. Scalability:-Service providers must manage the significant additional traffic load of

the Internet of Things and ensure that each application’s (voice, video, data, IoT)

communication requirements and service level agreements are met.

6. Flexibility:-With the varied needs of different applications, enterprises will demand

flexible pricing schemes that match their network utilization needs.

7. Security:-Lack of security could derail Internet of Things applications. Devices

provide access to a network with applications and data; all of them including the

communication have to be secured.

8. Response time: Service providers need the ability to define flexible priorities for

services with different response times, ranging from real-time responses to

uncritical long delays.

6. Machine to Machine Applications (M2M) for rural areas in India: - M2M will ensure

optimal utilization of limited resources such as energy and water for agriculture, using

remotely controlled applications through smart phones by the rural masses. Several mobile

applications that aid automation, surveillance, remote monitoring and data gathering may

also be used in rural areas for better agriculture production and improving the quality of life.

Various types of M2M applications such as e-health, vehicle tracking, security, surveillance,

e-education, food supply chain management system (FSCM) may be implemented in rural

areas. Agriculture related M2M services such as remote controlled water pump solution,

water level monitoring, data gathering for milk & agro cooperatives, fisheries, poultry & soil

analysis may also be extended in near future.

E-Health can be used for offspring care (Control of growing conditions of the offspring in

animalfarms to ensure its survival and health). M2M application will make it easier for

locating and identifying of animals grazing in openpastures or location in big stables.

Poor telecom services in rural India may be a bottleneck in fast provisioning of M2M services

in the rural areas and giving benefits to rural masses. As per TRAI report of June 2013,

urban India has reached a teledensity of 146%, whereas rural India stands only at 42%.

There are approx. 144 million subscribers accessing internet through wireless phones. Out

of this approx. 10 % to 15% subscribers may be from rural areas. A study paper on

”Telecommunications / ICT in rural and remote areas of India” has already been prepared

which provides detail of Govt. of India initiative for providing OFC backbone in NOFN

project, costing Rs. 20000/- Cr. (US $3.3 Billion). Project is likely to be completed by 2017.

7. Challenges: - M2M has been developing differently in each region of world such as USA,

Europe, China and South Pacific. As globally acceptable standards are not available, services

are being provided on proprietary standards. Piecing together an end-to-end network is a

huge effort.

8. Standardization efforts in the M2M domain:-

The industry has become more active in the standardization process in the M2M domain

because of the market demands. Although, M2M is mostly related to the application level

(i.e. an area typically outside the scope of the standard bodies) some wireless access

standard groups (e.g. IEEE, 3GPP and ETSI) are looking into the impacts to the existing

network due to potentially heavy use of M2M devices.

8.1. Standards of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute:-

The ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) produces globally-applicable

standards for Information and Communications Technologies, including fixed, mobile, radio,

converged, broadcast and Internet technologies. A new ETSI Technical Committee is

developing standards for M2M Communications. This group aims to provide an end-to-end

view of M2M standardization cooperating with ETSI's activities on Next Generation Networks

and 3GPP standards initiative for mobile communication technologies.

In the M2M domain, ETSI standards mostly consider different use cases (i.e. TR 102 691,

TR 102 732, TR 102 857, TR 102 897, TR 102 898). Nevertheless, some efforts have been

also put in defining M2M concepts (i.e. TR 102 725), as well as in standardizing M2M service

requirements (i.e. TS 102 689) and functional architecture (i.e. TS 102 690).

Data security is being pushed at the top of the priority list for M2M configurations.

Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) such as the Telecommunications Industry

Association (TIA) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) are

focusing on M2M security standards.

8.2. GSC M2M Standardization Task Force:-

Within Global Standards Collaboration (GSC), the world’s leading telecommunications and

radio standards organizations meet to promote innovation and collaboration on a broad

spectrum of standards topics. Some hundred participants from Participating Standards

Organizations (PSO) and the Geneva-headquartered International Telecommunication Union

(ITU, a specialized agency of the United Nations) attend, along with observers from

additional groups.

Current Global Standards Collaboration Participating Standard Organizations, in addition to

the ITU:

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) Japan

Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) USA

China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) China

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Europe

Information and Communications Technology Standards Advisory Council of Canada

(ISACC) Canada

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) USA

Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) Korea

Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) Japan

Revised M2M Resolution creating the GSC MSTF: GSC-16/30

8.3. List of work items in oneM2M:- Release 1 (a set of core specifications) is expected to be available in July 2014.

[8]

Number Work Item WG Status

TR-0001 oneM2M use case collection WG1 approved

TR-0002 Part 1: Analysis of the architectures proposed for consideration by oneM2M WG2 approved

TR-0003 Part 2: Study for the merging of architectures proposed for consideration by

oneM2M

WG2 approved

TR-0004 Terms and Definitions WG1 freezing

TR-0005 Roles and Focus Areas WG1 In progress

TR 0006 Study of Management Capability Enablement Technologies for Consideration by

oneM2M

WG5 In progress

TR 0007 oneM2M Abstraction and Semantics Capability Enablement WG5 In progress

TR 0008 Analysis of Security Solutions for the oneM2M System WG4 In progress

TR 0009 oneM2M Protocol Analysis WG3 In progress

TR 0010 oneM2M Device / Gateway Classification WG1 In progress

TS-0001 oneM2M Functional Architecture WG2 In progress

TS-0002 M2M Requirements WG1 approved

TS 0003 oneM2M Security Solutions WG4 started

TS 0004 oneM2M Protocol Technical Specification WG3 started

8.4. 3GPP:- optimization of underlying network, in order to better use operator’s resource /

lower down the cost of LTE UE for Machine Type Communication (M2M).

8.5. Highlights of Current M2M Standards Activities at IEEE

IEEE 802.16P “M2M task Group” Initiated on 11 November 2010.

Scope: This amendment specifies IEEE 802.16 MAC & PHY enhancements to support lower

power consumption at the device, support by the base station of significantly larger

numbers of devices, efficient support for small burst transmissions, and improved device

authentication.

Other M2M-related standards at IEEE

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®)

IEEE 802.15.3 (Zig bee®)

IEEE 1451 (sensor networks)

IEEE 2030 (smart grid)

8.6. Focus Group on M2M in ITU-T: - Focus group on M2M has been established in

2012 on “M2M service layer”. A common M2M service layer, agreed at the global level

involving stakeholders from the M2M and vertical market communities, would provide a

cost-efficient platform, which can be easily deployed in hardware and software, in a multi-

vendor environment, and across sectors.

The Focus Group on the M2M service layer (FG M2M) will study activities currently

undertaken by various standards developing organizations (SDOs) in the field of M2M

service layer specifications to identify key requirements for a common M2M service layer.

FG M2M will identify a minimum set of common requirements of vertical markets, focusing

initially on the health-care market and application programming interfaces (APIs) and

protocols supporting e-health applications and services, and draft technical reports in these

areas.

The Focus Group does not intend to duplicate other efforts and will benefit from existing

work and expertise. Therefore, FG M2M aims at including vertical market stakeholders that

are not among the traditional ITU-T membership, such as Continua Health Alliance and the

World Health Organization (WHO) for health-care, and will collaborate with M2M

communities worldwide (including research and academia), SDOs, forums and consortia. FG

M2M initial focus is on e-health.

Within the Focus group, a no. of working groups have also been created to carry out the

different activities. WG1: Use cases and service models, WG2: Requirements and

architectural framework of the M2M Service Layer, WG3: API and protocols.

The parent group is ITU-T Study Group 11. FG M2M will work in close collaboration with all

ITU-T Study Groups, especially SG 11, SG 13 and SG 16. [10]

9. Conclusion:-Number of interconnected devices will exceed the overall population count

by 2020. Therefore, it is of vital importance to be able to understand Internet of things

(IOT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. As per projection by Ericsson,

connected devices may rise from 30 million at present to more than 250million by 2020 in

India. Connected vehicles and smart metering will have approx. 70% share. Other

applications will be security and surveillances, retail, Health care, smart homes, smart

buildings, smart agriculture etc. All these applications will make the living smart.

References:

1. 4G Wireless Broadband to Boost M2M services. Posted by Neil | May 21, 2013 |

2. Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions

Jayavardhana Gubbi, a Rajkumar Buyya,b* Slaven Marusic,a Marimuthu Palaniswamia

a. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Vic

- 3010, Australia

b. Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Vic

- 3010, Australia

3. IERC_cluster_book_2012_Web on Internet of Things.

4. Jeffrey O. Smith, Ph.D. Chief Technology Officer of Numerex (NASDAQ: NMRX,

www.numerex.com) Chair of the GSC M2M Standardization Task Force (GSC MSTF)

(JSmith@numerex.com).

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telecommunications industry byV. Galetić*, I. Bojić**, M. Kušek**, G. Ježić**, S. Dešić*, D.

Huljenić* , * Ericsson Nikola Tesla Krapinska 45, Zagreb, Croatia, ** Faculty of Electrical

Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, Zagreb, Croatia 6. ETSI M2M / oneM2M and the need for semantics by Joerg Swetina (NEC)

(joerg.swetina@neclab.eu).

7. M2M solution, testing and prototype in emerging global M2M standards,

M2M Summit 2013, Dr. Ing Adel Al Hezmi, FRAUNHOFERFOKUS.

8.M2M standards overview, 2014-1-16 release in Nov. 2013 by Huwaei,

www.huwaei.com.

9. GSMA press release, February 27, 2012.

10. M2M standardization in ITU-T and its perspective, Hyoung Jun Kim, ETRI

(khj@etri.re.kr), Chair of WP3 in ITU-T SG13, Vice-chair of FG on M2M in ITU-T SG11