internet protocols
DESCRIPTION
Internet Protocols. Chapter III. Contents. TCP/IP and the DoD Model Protocol Header Layers IP Addressing Broadcast Address ICMP ARP IPv6. TCP/IP and the DoD Model. DoD Model Process/Application layer Host-to-Host layer Internet layer Network Access layer. Describe TCP/IP Model. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Internet Protocols
Chapter III
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Contents
TCP/IP and the DoD Model Protocol Header Layers
IP Addressing Broadcast Address
ICMP ARP IPv6
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TCP/IP and the DoD Model
DoD Model Process/Application layer - - Host to Host layer Internet layer Network Access layer
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Describe TCP/IP Model
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Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation
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Describe the process of sending and receiving messages
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Compare OSI and TCP/IP model
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Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used to manage communication in data networks
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The TCP/IP protocol suite
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The Process/Application Layer Protocols
Telnet FTP TFTP NFS SMTP
LPD X Window SNMP DNS DHCP/BootP
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- - The Host to Host Layer Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
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TCP Segment Format
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TCP header details (I)
source, destination port:161,6 - identify applications at ends of
the connection sequence32: - indicates 1 st data
octet in this segment acknowledgment32 - next expect
ed sequence number, valid only whe n the ACK bit (reside in flag) is set
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TCP header details (II) data offset - 4 32: bit words offset tell
s the receiver where user data begins reserved6: - not used flag6
URG : validity of urgent pointer field ACK : validity of acknowledge field PSH : push request (pass segment to appl layer i
mmediately) RST : reset the connection SYN : initial synchronization FIN : sender at end of byte stream
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TCP header details (III) window16: - advertise amount of b
uffer space this node has allocated checksum - 16 16 bits1’ s co
mplement of pseudo header, TCP he ader and data
urgent pointer16 - byte position o f data that should be processed first
- options variable length option e.g. MSS (max segment size) tells destin ation node
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UDP Segment Format
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UDP Header
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UDP pseudo Header
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- - Key Concepts of Host to Host Protocols
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Port numbers for TCP and UDP
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Key Protocols That Use TCP andUDP
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The Internet Layer Protocols
Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP
) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (R
ARP) Proxy ARP
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IP header
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IP Header (I)
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IP Header (2)
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IP Header (3)
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The Protocol field in an IP header
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Possible Protocols Found in th e Protocol Field of an IP Heade
r
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Fragmentation
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Fragmentation Flag
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Fragmentation sample
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Problem in Fragmentation
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Avoiding Fragmentation
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Network Addressing Network Address Range: Class A
00000000 = 0 01111111 = 127
Network Address Range: Class B 10000000 = 128 10111111 = 191
Network Address Range: Class C110 00000 192=110 11111223
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Summary of the three classes of networks
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Broadcast Addresses Layer 2 broadcasts These are sent to a
ll nodes on a LAN. Broadcasts (layer3 ) These are sent t
o all nodes on the network. Unicast These are sent to a single desti
nation host. Multicast These are packets sent from
a single source, and transmitted to many devices on different networks.
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Layer 2 broadcasts
known as hardware broadcasts they only go out on a LAN The broadcast would be all 1s in bin
ary and all Fs in hexadecimal, as inFF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.
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Broadcasts (layer3) Broadcast messages are meant to reach all hosts
on a broadcast domain. example that you’re already familiar with: The networ
k address of 17216002552. . . .5500. . would have a broadcast address of17216255255. . .
Broadcasts can also be “all networks and all host s,” as indicated by25525525. .5255. .
A good example of a broadcast message is an Ad dress Resolution Protocol (ARP) request.
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Part II
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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
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ICMP Header
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ICMP Types
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ICMP Types, cont.
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ICMP type 0/8 echo reply/request
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ICMP type 3 destination unreachable
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ICMP type 4 source quench
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ICMP type 5 route change request
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Local ARP broadcast
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ARP/RARP Header
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ARP Header
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ARP request packet
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ARP reply packet
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ARP mechanisms
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RARP
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RARP broadcast example
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Proxy ARP
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IPv6 Overviews
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IPv6: IP next generation IETF IPv6 WG ถู�กจั�ดตั้�งขึ้ นในช่�วงตั้�นยุ�ค 90s เพื่��อ
แก�ปั�ญหาการเจัร#ญเตั้#บโตั้ขึ้อง internet ที่'�มี'มีากจันที่)าให�เก#ดการขึ้าดแคลน IP address
ขึ้ณะเด'ยุวก�นน�น ก-ได�มี'การพื่�ฒนา CIDR และ NAT ขึ้ นในช่�วงปั0 ค.ศ. 1992 และ ค.ศ. 1994 ซึ่ �งช่�วยุลดปั�ญหาการขึ้าดแคลน IP address ได�
นอกจัากน�นยุ�งได�มี'การจั�ดตั้�ง RIR และได�มี'การ reclaim IP address
ปั�ญหาการเตั้#บโตั้ขึ้อง routes ใน routing table (85,000+ routes) ยุ�งคงมี'อยุ��
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Introduction to IPv6 IETF standard ตั้�งแตั้�ปั0 ค.ศ. 1996
128-bit addresses 2^128 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,43
1,768,211,456 3.4 * 10^38 addresses
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ข้�อดี�ข้อง IPv6 Larger Address
128-bit addresses Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing
Better Mobility ด�วยุค�ณสมีบ�ตั้# auto-configure, รองร�บ anycast และ
address ที่'�มี'อยุ��อยุ�างมีาก พื่อที่)าให�เหมีาะสมีส)าหร�บการใช่�งานก�บอ�ปักรณ4 mobil
e internet Better Security
IPSec ถู�กรวมีไว�ในตั้�ว protocol ขึ้อง IPv6 ไมี�จั)าเปั5นตั้�องใช่� NAT
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IPv6 Addresses Representation 128 bit ขึ้อง IPv6 address จัะถู�กแบ�งเปั5นกล��มี
กล��มีละ 16 bit ตั้�วเลขึ้ 16 bit จัะถู�กแปัลงเปั5นเลขึ้ฐาน 16(0-F) 4
หล�กโดยุที่'�เลขึ้ฐาน 16ในแตั้�ละช่�ดจัะถู�กแบ�งด�วยุ “:”
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IPv6 Addresses Representation ตั้�วเลขึ้ศ�นยุ4ที่'�น)าหน�าตั้�วเลขึ้แตั้�ละกล��มีสามีารถูละไว�ได� ส)าหร�บ address ที่'�กล��มีขึ้องตั้�วเลขึ้ที่'�เปั5นศ�นยุ4ตั้#ดๆ ก�น
เราสามีารถูที่'�จัะเขึ้'ยุนแที่นได�ด�วยุ “::” (ละได� 1 คร�งตั้�อ 1 address ) 2001:00D3:0001:2F3B:0000:0000:0000:9C5A 2001:D3:1:2F3B:0:0:0:9C5A 2001:D3:1:2F3B::9C5A FE80::212:3FFF:FEED:1671
InterfaceID for resolving the link-local address
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IPv6 ใน URL จัะตั้�องถู�กเขึ้'ยุนอยุ��ในเคร��องหมีายุ “[ ]” http://[2001:1:4F3A::206:AE14]:808
0/index.html *สร�างความีล)าบากให�แก�ผู้��ใช่�ในการจัดจั)าและการพื่#มีพื่4
ด�งน�นจั งจั)าเปั5นที่'�จัะตั้�องใช่� DNS
* Browser หลายุๆตั้�วยุ�งไมี�รองร�บ URL ในร�ปัแบบน'
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IPv6 Prefixes ไมี�มี' subnet mask ใน IPv6 ใช่� Prefix ซึ่ �งเปั5นส�วนหน �งขึ้อง address
เพื่��อระบ� subnet แที่น เขึ้'ยุนเหมี�อนก�บที่'�ใช่�ก�นใน CIDR (IPv4) Prefix ใน IPv6 เขึ้'ยุนได�ด�งน'
address/prefix-length 2001:D3::/48 route prefix 2001:D3:0:2F2B::/64 subnet prefix
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Types of IPv6 Addresses Unicast
single host/one to one (Global, Site-local, Link local) Multicast
multiple host in specified range/one to many Anycast
multiple host, only received by single host (the nearest host) /one to nearest (unicast)
No Broadcast use Mulicast Efficient use of the network Range can be much larger
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Address typeidentification 00 0 128Unspecified .. ::/ 00 1 1128Loopback .. :: / 1111111010Link Local80 10FE ::/
11111111 00 8Multicast FF ::/
ttttt tttt tt ttttttt ttt-tt tttt ttttt64tttt tt ttttttt Except for multicast
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IPv6 Global UnicastAddresses
IPv6 Global Unicast addresses ถู�กออกแบบมีาให�เปั5นล)าด�บช่�น เพื่��อให�สามีารถูที่)าการ aggregate ได�
3 bits แรก 0 0 1 (2 0 0 0 ::/3 )ค�อ tt ช่�ดแรกที่'� tttt ได�ร�บมีาเพื่��อให�ใช่�ก�บ
6IPv Unicast-6http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv
ttttttt-ttttttt-ttttttttttt
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IPv6 Address Allocation IANA allocated 2001::/16 to IPv6 Unicast 23RIR gets / prefixes from IANA 32RIR allocate / prefix to an ISP ISP allocate /48 prefix to end customer
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IPv6 Interface IDs
- 64Lowest order bit field ขึ้อง ttttttt ttttttt จัะถู�กก)าหนดได�ด�วยุหลายุว#ธี'ที่'�แตั้กตั้�างก�น - tttt t t t ttt 6 4
-64EUI - Auto generated random number 6DHCPv tttttttt tttttttttt
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Converting 48-Bit MAC Addresses to IPv6 Modified EUI-64 Identifiers
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IPv6 Header มี'ขึ้นาดคงที่'�ที่'� 40 Octet ตั้�ด field Header length ออก Field หล�กๆ เช่�น TTL, ToS, Total Length ยุ�งคงอยุ��แตั้�
เปัล'�ยุนล�กษณะ และจั)านวนขึ้อง bits ที่'�ใช่�อ�างอ#ง มี'การยุ�ายุบาง Field ที่'�ที่'การใช่�งานเฉพื่าะในบางอ�ปักรณ4ออก
จัาก Header แล�วสร�างส�วน Extended Header ขึ้ นมีาใช่�งานเฉพื่าะที่าง เช่�น Identification, Fragmentation และ Padding
Header checksum ถู�กน)าออกไปัเน��องจัาก ใน Header ขึ้อง Layer มี'การที่)างานฟั�งก4ช่��นน'อยุ��แล�ว
เพื่#�มี Flow Label เพื่��อให�สามีารถูแยุก flow ขึ้องการที่)างานแตั้�ละปัระเภที่ได�
มี' Next Header เพื่��อระบ�ว�า Header ถู�ดไปัเปั5น Extended Header ปัระเภที่ใด
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IPv6 Header
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The IPv6 header fields are as followst version (4 bit): Indicates the protocol
version, and will thus contain the number 6.
DS byte (8 bit ): This field is used by the source and routers to identify the packets belonging to the same traffic class and thus distinguish between packets with different priorities .
flow label (20 bit): Label for a data flow payload length (16 bit ): Indicates the
length of the packet data field .
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The IPv6 header fields are as followst (2)
next header tttttttttt ttt tttt tt(8 ): ): headerimmediatelyf ol l owi ng t he I Pv6header .
hop limit (8 bit ): Decremented by one by each node that forwards the packet . When the hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is discarded .
source address 128( bit): The address of the originator of the packet.
dest i nat i on addr ess ( 128 bit ) : The address of the intended recipient of the packet.
Reference->http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2460.txt
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-IPv4 & IPv6 co existence มี'การพื่�ฒนาว#ธี'การตั้�างๆ ขึ้ นเพื่��อให�สามีารถูรองร�บการ
ที่)างานในแบบ 6IPv และ 4IPv ไปัควบค��ก�นได� โดยุที่��วไปัสามีารถูแบ�งได�เปั5น 3 ว#ธี' - Dual stack เปั5นเที่คน#คที่'�ที่)าให�สามีารถูใช่� 4 และ 6
พื่ร�อมีก�นในเคร��องเด'ยุวก�นที่'�อยุ��บนเคร�อขึ้�ายุเด'ยุวก�นได� Tunneling เปั5นเที่คน#คที่'�ใช่�ส)าหร�บหล'กเล'�ยุงปั�ญหาที่'�
ตั้�อง upgradeอ�ปักรณ4หลายุๆตั้�วในเคร�อขึ้�ายุ Translation เปั5นเที่คน#คซึ่ �งที่)าให�อ�ปักรณ4ที่'�ใช่�ได�เฉพื่าะ
ก�บ 6 สามีารถูตั้#ดตั้�อก�บอ�ปักรณ4ที่'�ใช่�ได�เฉพื่าะก�บ 4
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Dual Stack Approach
Dual Stack: ที่�ง 4 และ 6IPv pr ot ocol st ack สามีารถูถู�กเร'ยุกใช่�งาน
ได� Application สามีารถูค�ยุได�ก�บที่�งสอง
protocol การเล�อกใช่�งานจัะขึ้ นอยุ��ก�บการที่)า name
lookup และ Application preference
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Dual Stack Approach &DNS
ในกรณ'ที่'�มี'การใช่�งาน Dual St ack และในกรณ'ที่'� application รองร�บการที่)างานแบบ IPv
4 และ 6IPv Application จัะขึ้อ address ที่�กปัระเภที่ที่'�มี'
ใน DNS เล�อก address ที่'�ตั้�องการแล�วที่)าการเช่��อมีตั้�อ
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อ�างอ#ง http://ipv6.nectec.or.th http://www.ipv6.org http://www.6bone.net http://www.kame.net http://www.linux-ipv6.org http://www.ipv6forum.com http://ipv6.cpe.rit.ac.th / cancle http://www.tcpipguide.com/
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Finish