Internet Protocols• www- World Wide Web. Developed by

European Laboratory for Particle Physics to allow information sharing between internationally dispersed Physics scientists

• TCP- Transmission Control Protocol• IP- Internet Protocol• HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol• FTP-File Transfer Protocol

Cyber• The word Cyber is derived from the

Greek word Kubernetes meaning steerman. It is used in computer or electronic context. It denotes the control of a thing represented by the word that precedes Cyber. Eg. Cyber crime

Cyber crime•Cyber crime includes the use

of a telecommunication device such as Internet or Mobile phone for activities such as Fraud, Theft, Forgery, Harassing, Threatening etc.

Online Cheating• Phishing• Spoofing• Pharming• Internet Auction• Health care Fraud• Online Gambling

Safe Online activities1. Stay anonymous- choose a

genderless name2. Never give name or full address

to strangers3. Don’t respond to harassing or

negative messages4. Avoid uncomfortable situation

quickly

5. Watch what you say- don’t flirt online6. Learn more about internet privacy7. Don’t give email ID to strangers8. Frequently change your password

and answer to the ‘secret question’9. Don’t disclose your password to any

one, not even to your friends10. Don’t hesitate in filing a complaint with

the police if there is any cyber fraud

IT Act 2008• Computer & Mobile Related Offences • If any person, dishonestly, or

fraudulently, does any act referred to in section 43, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two to three years or with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees or with both.

IT Act Section 66 A• Punishment for sending offensive messages

through communication services. • Creating or forwarding any electronic mail

message, images, videos etc for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience to a person.

• Non-bailable offence. Shall be punished with  imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine not exceeding two lakh rupees, or with both.

IT Act Section 67• Punishment for publishing or

transmitting obscene material in electronic form

• publishing or transmitting any material in an electronic form through SMS, MMS, Blue tooth or email.

IT Act Section 66 E• Punishment for violation of privacy.• Intentionally captures, publishes or

transmits the image of a private area of a person without his or her consent.

• Shall be punished with  imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine not exceeding two lakh rupees, or with both

Chat Rooms• Take extreme care during online chatting

and browsing blogs and web pages like Orkut. Hackers are waiting for you

• Do not reply to anonymous messages and do not give mail ID or full address in such web pages

• Use a genderless login name while creating e-mail ID

• Frequently change passwords

Online Chatting

Take extreme care during online chatting and browsing blogs and web pages like Orkut. Hackers are waiting for you

Cheating Web sites• Pop up Ads• Pornographic sites• Cheating key words – Boy, Girl, Toys,

Games• Cheating websites.

Original site – www.kerala.gov.in Cheating site – www.keralagov.com Spoofed Websites

CELL PHONES• Perry Long invented Cell phone

communication system in 1940.• Erricson in 1956 developed the

first fully automatic Mobile phone called MTA(Mobile Telephone system A). This was commercially released in Sweden.

• In April 1973, Dr Martin Cooper, former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, invented the mobile phone prototype and made the first call to Joel Engel, his rival, head of research at Bell Labs. 

Mobile Phone Systems

Two digital mobile phone services are.

1. GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication)

2.CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access )System.

•The mobile phone system is referred to as “cellular telephone system because the coverage area is divided into “cells “each of which has a base station antenna.

The system consist of a Base station antenna which communicates with the mobile phones through Radio Frequency (RF) transmission in the 2.5-3 Giga Hertz range

( Microwave).

• The mobile phone tower can communicate to 8 mobile phones in 1 second through time sharing method. The signals are in the form of packets to give two way transmission.

Mobile tower and base station

How it communicates?

•When we talk on the mobile phone, it takes the sound and encodes on to a continuous “sine wave”. The sine wave radiates out from the antenna of the phone and fluctuates evenly through space.

• The signals moving in air are electromagnetic signals. These waves are picked up by the receiver in the base station tower. The base station antenna emits radiations continuously to make a link with the subscribers.

Time Sharing The cell phone tower can communicate

with 8 mobile phones in a second. This is called time sharing

Mobile phone evolution

GSM & CDMA Phones• GSM - Global System for Mobile

communications• It is the most popular mobile phone

standard in the world. • CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access It is the channel access method utilized by

various radio communication technologies.

CDMA –GSM Phones

GPS Phone

GPS or Global Positioning System is the navigation device used for the purpose of determining the present location of a person. GPS is used in military, aviation, marine, geographical surveys, site mapping applications.

GPS Phone

Satellite Phone• Satellite telephone,  is a type

of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites.

Smart Phone• A new introduction in mobile

technology.• A smart phone offers advanced

features, like a computer. It e-mail, Internet browsing and e-book reader facilities in addition to usual facilities.

Smart Phones

Mobile phone parts

Mobile Phone technology

SIM• Subscriber Identification

Module (SIM)• The SIM is a form of digital Smart

Card containing the user's subscription information and a phone book.

SIM CARD

Secret of SIM• SIM Securely stores the service

subscriber key having 15 digits• First 3 digits – Indicates Mobile country

code • Second 2 digits – Mobile network code.

BSNL, Airtel, Reliance etc.• Third 10 digits – Mobile station

identification number. Local station that is connecting.

• When you first activates the SIM card, every details like, mobile phone make, pin number, area code, area of activation, server code etc will be recorded automatically in the SIM as well as in the server data base.

• So it is easy to trace the mobile communication and location if there is a complaint regarding misuse.

Mobile Phone Terminology• URL – Universal Resource Locator• iPod – intelligent Portable occular device• MPEG – Moving Picture Expert Group• MP3 – Moving Picture – 3( Audio layer 3)• Wi-Fi – Brand name of Wi-Fi Alliance-

WLAN

• GPRS – General Packet Radio Service - Blackberry system

VoIP Phone – Voice over Internet Protocol. The most common type of VoIPis Skype.

EV DO• EV-DO -Evolution-Data Optimized• It is a telecommunication standard

for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals. It is typically used for Broad band Internet access.

• Example is Wireless modem.

Bluetooth• Blue tooth – It is the technology of

Open wireless protocol used for wireless communication between the mobile phone and other Bluetooth activated devices . It is named after Harald blattand Bluetooth II, the King of Denmark

Cell Phone A Real Friend…… But…

Inconsiderate, Annoying, and Stupid in public places

•Like millions of others, you may be the victim of cell phone abuse.

•What is cell phone abuse? Let us imagine a situation ……..

•You are in a public place trying to concentrate on something or in serious discussion with your friend or enjoying a peaceful moment……

•A stranger 5 to 10 feet away starts talking on his cell phone loudly……

•Your concentration breaks or your conversation ends or your peaceful moment disturbs…….

•Now you are a victim of cell phone abuse.

•You may develop one or more symptoms of cell phone abuse

Symptoms of Mobile abuse1. Inability to concentrate on what

you are doing2. Mild or severe irritability or

annoyance3. Sensitivity to ring tones4. Initially thinking that the cell

phone user is actually talking to you

5. Wishing that the user would finish the call

6. Wishing that the user would leave the place

7. Wishing that the battery would die

•Cell phone abuse results in•1. Cyber crime•2. Invasion of privacy•3. Health hazards•4. Social problems•5.Psychological problems•6. Financial loss

Radiation Hazards of Mobile Phone

Mobile phones uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range- 2.5-3GHz.

The radiation from a standard GSM handset has a peak output power of 2watts

Part of the radio wave emitted by the mobile phone handset will be absorbed by the head which is in the “near field” of radiation.

SAR• SAR (Specific Absorption Rate)

denotes the rate at which human body absorbs radiation.

• Maximum level of SAR is set as 2 Watts/ Kg.

• It is averaged over a volume of 1 gm tissue for the head

EM Radiation penetration into brainFig.1 5 year old brain Fig.2. 10 year old brain

Fig.3. Adult brain

THERMAL EFFECT• The most harmful effect of mobile

radiation is the “dielectric heating” which is the heating of water due to the friction of its molecules.

• Human tissue is rich in water( Polar molecule) and exhibit dielectric property.

• Internal ear (Endolymph), Brain (Cerebrospinal fluid) and Eye (Aqueous humour) are filled with fluids which may heat up through dielectric heating.

• When the microwave radiation hits on the living tissue, polar molecules like water rotates rapidly and heat up due to friction.

• Generally, the temperature in the ear and head increases to 1 degree after 15 minutes of radiation exposure.

Thermal effectThermographic images – Before and After

15 minutes of cell phone useRed patches indicates heated tissues

• Head is in the “near field “of radiation, so that most of the heating effect occurs in the head.

• Temperature in the internal ear, brain increases to 1 degree or more

• This adversely affect the functioning of these organs since these have fluid filled cavities.

Blood-Brain Barrier• The blood vessels in the brain and

the surrounding tissue forms the BBB that can easily dispose heat in a few seconds.

• But prolonged heating effect can alter the functions of BBB.

Blood brain barrier

Symptoms of Thermal effect• Burning sensation in the Scalp and

Ear pinna• Mood alteration and lack of concentration• Lethargy and lack of sleep• Whistling sound in the ear

• Premature Cataract- Cornea of eye lacks blood supply. So unlike other body parts, heat generated cannot be disposed easily. This can cause premature cataract.

• Confusion and loss of memory The microwave interferes with the mood controlling brainwaves like Alpha and beta waves.

• Alters sleep physiology and biological rhythm by changing the level of hormone Dopamine and alters the Serotonin- Melatonin cycle.

Non Thermal Effects

• Increased cellular responses Cells in the head especially those of

brain and internal ear becomes more active when subjected to high energy radiations.

• Leakage of Albumin If the BBB of brain becomes more

sensitive, the permeability of blood capillaries increase leading to leakage of albumin from blood into the intercellular space of brain cells.

Leakage of Albumin in Rat brain followed by cell phone radiation

exposure

Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity

This is the unspecific symptoms during and after the use of the cell phone.

1.Tingling sensation 2. Fatigue,3.Dizziness 4.Loss of mental attention 5. Reduction in reaction time 6. memory retentiveness, 7.tachycardia etc.

Effects on the Ear• Heating effect Heat in the fluid of internal ear

reduces the sensitivity of the sensory hairs of the cochlea.

Sensory cells of the cochlea becomes fatigue due to heating effect and becomes less sensitive.

• The Piezo electric speaker of mobile phone is designed to emit sound in the range of 2-3 kHz ( ear drum is more sensitive to this frequency) to hear the ring tone in noisy environment.

• Piercing sound from the speaker causes irritability in the ear drum and associated ear ossicles.

Human Ear

Phantom Pain• Pain of unknown reason• Pain in the internal ear without any visible

symptoms like infection or inflammation.• It may be due to excess air pressure

applied to the tympanum or muscle fatigue or excessive stimulation of sensory cells in the cochlea.

Genotoxic effect• Studies in animals showed that there

is chance for1.Reduction in reproductive capacity2.DNA fragmentation3.Boosted rate of cell division

Effect of Mobile Radiation on Mitosis

Study on Onion Root Tip

Chromosome Aberrations

Onion Root cells

• Boosted cell division may cause tumors like 1.Begnin brain tumor 2.Meningioma 3.Glioma etc

Acoustic Neuroma• Tumor in the Auditory nerve is

Called Acoustic Neuroma.• Experts says ….One hour use of

Mobile phone per day can increase the tumor risk after 10 years

Acoustic Neuroma

Sleep and EEG Effects• The pattern of alpha beta ,delta

Brainwaves will be seriously affected when exposed to Pulsed Electro Magnetic Radiation (PEMR) from Computer monitor, TV, Mobile phone etc since the way of propagation of these waves and PEMR is the same.

Brain waves

• Do not keep Mobile phone near the body while sleeping.

• Do not keep Computer and TV in the bed room.

• Even after these devices are switched off, PEMR will persists more than six hours in the room.

• Sleep rhythm will be seriously affected by PEMR.

This will alter sleep physiology change Melatonin – Serotonin cycle

Microwave Auditory Effect• Microwave induces • 1.Clicks and Buzzing sound in the head• 2.Electric current in the hearing centre of

the brain causes Auditory illusion• This may happen if music is heard using

ear phone or Bluetooth for long time

Other Effects of Microwave Hair fall Excessive radiation on the scalp may reduce the health of hair roots through heating effect. Aging of Skin Normal antioxidant formation in the skin will be seriously affected by the microwave radiation.

After Call Symptoms• Burning sensation in the ear pinna• Irritation in the scalp• Confusion• Lethargy• Auditory illusion

Social Problems Mobile Phone in public places

creates social problems like1.In attention blindness2.Cognitive load and Accidents3.E-Waste

Cognitive load Mobile phone use in public places

makes the user overloaded and become unaware of the details of communicative behavior of co- located individuals as well as other relevant features of the social situation

Accidents• Mobile phone use while driving may

cause accidents due to inattention blindness and cognitive load

• Cell phone conversation distracts the driver’s attention, increases reaction time, and reduces visual field attention.

Cognitive Loading• Extremely dangerousWhen he talk… cognitive load increases…

Visual input decreases… Reflex ceases….and He cannot assess the distance between

the vehicles…. His reaction time increases….

Inattention blindness• Cell phone use in public places

makes the user “ blind “ to local cues due to cognitive overload

• Local interaction and remote interaction demands certain attention and the cognitive load increases.

The user becomes blind to local situations.

Inattention BlindnessWhen he talk while crossing the road, he will

not see an approaching vehicle due to in attention blindness….. He will not get time to move away.

• Reduced attention of the user to local situation may disturb others since they are forced to observe the user.

Public Nuisance

• Use of Mobile phones in gatherings, meetings, entertainment places, Hospitals etc disturb others since the user is giving priority to mobile phone than the local situation.

e-Waste• More than 1 million mobile phones

become obsolete in 2010-11 as per reports.

• These contain toxic chemicals like, cadmium, lead, mercury, brominated flame retardants, etc.

• These cause environmental pollution and health hazards.

Ethical issues

• Pseudo social behaviourGiving priority to mobile phone in social situations. Playing with mobile phone in public places . Irritating body language during mobile use.

Stupid ring tones in Hospitals and Silent Zones

• Exploitation – Sending Miscalls. Value of money is same for all.

Psychological Problems• Heavy use of Mobile phones introduced

two new generation psychological problems.

• A survey revealed that around 40% men and 50% women are facing these problems frequently or occasionally.

NoMophobia• No Mobile phobia- The fear of losing cell

phone contact• A panic symptom that develops when we

run out of credit or battery, lose of phone or are in an area with no reception.

• Being phone-less can create panic symptoms referred to as NoMo Phobia or No Mobile phobia

• Symptoms include increased heart rate, elevated BP, sweating, mood alteration, fear etc.

Ringxiety Ringtone anxiety or Phantom Ringing The term introduced by David Laramie

California to explain the unusual behavior of people addicted to mobile phones.

• Ringxiety is the sensation and false belief that the mobile phone is ringing or vibrating.

• Habit of frequently checking the phone for mis calls and messages.

Tech addiction• Over use of Internet and Mobile phone

leads to Tech addiction• Online chatting• Video gaming• Internet gambling• Over use of Mobile phone, Frequently

changing cell phones, sim cards etc.

Precautions• Do not use mobile phone more than 15

minutes per day• Do not allow others to click photos without

your permission• Do not reply to SMS (Short Messaging

Service) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) from strangers

• Do not send obscene text or images though SMS or MMS

• Do not give your numbers to strangers while chatting online

• Do not keep the Bluetooth open to all• Do not give mobile to unauthorized

service centre to avoid ‘Cloning”• Use security pin code to avoid misuse

• Use mobile phone only for communication

• Avoid using it in public places, hospitals, trains, buses etc for long time.

• Do not hear Songs or Music from mobile phone speaker for long time. It will create auditory illusion and reduces the sensitivity to natural sounds.

• Remove irritant ring tones and replace it with soft standard ring tones

• Do not share your photos to strangers to avoid misuse such as Morphing

• Consider Mobile phones similar to your land phone. So that you will use it only for communication. All the problems mentioned are not in land phone use.

Safety Measures Do not use mobile Phone while it is

plugged in for charging. A sudden voltage spike in the power line can burn your head through battery explosion.

Safety Measures• Do not use mobile phones when there is

lightning. Mobile phone will accept charge from lightning and pass current into the body

Safety Measures• Do not use Mobile phone near Petrol

outlet. The Static electricity in the air may break by the mobile radiation. It can cause fire and explosion.

Safety Measures• Do not use Mobile phone near LPG

cylinder. The Static electricity in the air may break by the mobile radiation. It can cause fire and explosion.

Laptop Use• Do not use Laptop like this. About 70

degree heat passes from the laptop to your lower abdomen. It is dangerous especially in Men.

• Laptop is not for the lap.

Cell phone abuse is a world wide epidemic which is now affecting millions of men ,women and children especially teen age students

To the cell phone abusers we say …………..

Try a little cell phone courtesy…. and do not burden others with your pseudo social behavior.

On behalf of the millions of us who suffer cell phone abuse everyday

Thank youFor more information visit

www.dmohankumar.wordpress.comelectronicshomepage.wordpress.com

Prepared by

D.MohankumarAssociate Professor & HeadDept. of Zoology, Govt. College for Women ,Trivandrum, Kerala, India.