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An Introduction to Ontologies in OWL
Bibliography The OWL GuideThe OWL OverviewDescription Logic slides from Enrico FranconiArtificial Intelligence A Modern Approach by Russel and Nordig
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What is an Ontology?
• A representation of terms and their interrelationships (OWL Overview)
• A formal conceptualization of the world
• Smart data
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Ontology Languages
• Typically introduce concepts, properties, relationships between concepts and constraints
• May be expressed with diagrams• ER Diagrams and UML Class Diagrams
are ontology languages• OWL (The Web Ontology Language) is
expressed in XML• OWL is a distributed ontology language
![Page 4: Internet Technologies An Introduction to Ontologies in OWL Bibliography The OWL Guide The OWL Overview Description Logic slides from Enrico Franconi Artificial](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d785503460f94a5ab13/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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The OWL Language
• February 10, 2004 OWL and RDF become W3C Recommendations
• See Jena from Hewlett-Packard Research for an existing Java API
• See Protégé-2000 at Stanford University for an existing OWL editor
• Big names in the space include Jim Hendler, and
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From the W3C
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The three sublanguages of OWL
• OWL Lite
• OWL DL (Description Logic)
• OWL Full (Allows classes as instances)
• As we move from OWL Lite to OWL full we increase expressiveness and logical complexity.
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OWL Lite
• A Class is a set of individuals
• The class Thing is the superclass of all OWL classes
• The class Nothing is a subclass of all OWL classes and has no individuals members
• Classes may be defined as subClasses of other classes
![Page 8: Internet Technologies An Introduction to Ontologies in OWL Bibliography The OWL Guide The OWL Overview Description Logic slides from Enrico Franconi Artificial](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d785503460f94a5ab13/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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Three classes that subclass Thing
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Winery”/><owl:Class rdf:ID=“Region”/><owl:Class rdf:ID=“ConsumableThing”/>
These terms may be referred to from within thisDocument by ‘#Winery’,’ #Region’ and‘#ConsumableThing’.
Other ontologies may refer to these terms with‘SomeURI#Winery’, ‘SomeURI#Region’ and so on.
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Class Hierarchies built with subClassOf
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“PotableLiquid”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource = “#ConsumableThing” /> …</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“EdibleThing”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource = “#ConsumableThing” /> …</owl:Class>
Deduction: If x is a PotableLiquidthen x is a ConsumableThing
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Wine and Pasta
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Wine”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource =
“#PotableLiquid” /> …</owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID = “Pasta”<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource = “#EdibleThing” />…</owl:Class>
Deduction:
If x is Pasta then x isa ConsumableThing
![Page 11: Internet Technologies An Introduction to Ontologies in OWL Bibliography The OWL Guide The OWL Overview Description Logic slides from Enrico Franconi Artificial](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d785503460f94a5ab13/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
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SweetFruit and NonSweetFruit
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“SweetFruit”> <!– food.xml--> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“#EdibleThing”/></owl:Class>
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“NonSweetFruit”> <!– food.xml--> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“#EdibleThing”/> …</owl:Class>
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Defining Individuals
<Region rdf:ID=“CentralCoastRegion”/>
Is identical to
<owl:Thing rdf:ID=“CentralCoastRegion”/>
<owl:Thing rdf:about=“#CentralCoatRegion”>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=“#Region”/>
</owl:Thing>
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Another individual
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Grape”> <!– food.xml--> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“#SweetFruit”/></owl:Class> <!– wine.xml --><owl:Class rdf:ID=“WineGrape”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“&food;Grape”/></owl:Class>
<WineGrape rdf:ID=“CabernetSauvignonGrape” />
Deduction: CabernetSauvignon is a SweetFruit
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So far we have…
Thing
Winery RegionConsumableThing
PotableLiquid EdibleThing
SweetFruit NonSweetFruit Pasta
Grape
WineGrape•CabernetSauvignonGrape
• CentralCoastalRegion
Wine
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So far we have …
• Classes
• Individuals
• We now need properties to state facts about classes and facts about individuals
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Properties
• Properties are binary relations
• A binary relation R from a set X to a set Y is a subset of the Cartesian product X x Y. If (x,y) ε R, we write xRy and say x is related to y.
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Binary Relations
Suppose the set X has members {a,b} andthe set Y has members {c,d,e}.
XxY = {(a,c),(a,d),(a,e),(b,c),(b,d),(b,e)}Let R = {(a,c),(b,e)}
Since (a,c) ε R and (b,e) ε R we write aRcand bRe.
Notice that a binary relation is a set of ordered pairs.
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The set {x ε X | (x,y) ε R for some y ε Y} is called the domain of R.
The domain of R = {(a,c),(b,e)} is {a,b}.
The set {y ε Y | (x,y) ε R for some x ε X} is called the range of R.
The range of R = {(a,c),(b,e)} is {c,e}.
Domain and Range
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Properties
• R is Transitive if and only if
xRy and yRz imply xRz
locateIn is transitive in the wine ontology
• R is Symmetric if and only if
xRy iff yRx
adjacentTo is symmetric in the wine ontology
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Properties
• R is Functional if and only if
xRy and xRz implies y = z
hasVintageYear is functional in the wine
ontology
• R1 and R2 are Inverse Properties if and only if
xR1y iff yR2x
hasMaker and producesWine are inverse
relations in the wine ontology
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OWL’s Property Hierarchy
• Thing is a superset of Property
• Property is a superset of ObjectProperty
• Property is a superset of DataProperty
• An ObjectProperty associates a class instance with another class instance.
• A DataProperty associates a class instance with a datatype value
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OWL’s Property Hierarchy Example
ThingMammal
Person• Mike• Sue
ObjectProperty
DataProperty
Property
hasRelative hasSibling
• (Mike,Sue)
hasAge• (Mike,23)
Indentation shows subsetrelationships.Set elements are markedwith dots.
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OWL Property Syntax
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“locatedIn”>
<rdfs:domain
rdf:resource=“OWLURI#Thing”/>
<rdfs:range
rdf:resource=“#Region”/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
“OWLURI” will actually appear as the official OWL URI.
![Page 24: Internet Technologies An Introduction to Ontologies in OWL Bibliography The OWL Guide The OWL Overview Description Logic slides from Enrico Franconi Artificial](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d785503460f94a5ab13/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
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Adding pairs to locatedIn
<Region rdf:ID=“SantaCruzMountainsRegion”> <locatedIn rdf:resource=“#CaliforniaRegion”/></Region>
<CabernetSauvignon rdf:ID=
“SantaCruzMountainVinyardCabernetSauvignon”> <locatedIn
rdf:resource=“#SantaCruzMountainsRegion”/> …</CabernetSauvignon>
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locatedIn• locatedIn is defined as a set of ordered pairs. • Each pair must contain an owl:Thing (maybe a Region) followed by value from the set Region.
• For example: locatedIn = {(SantaCruzMountainsRegion, CaliforniaRegion), (SantaCruzMountainVinyardCabernetSauvignon, SantaCruzMountainsRegion)…}
• A deduction like the following is not yet possible… The Thing SantaCruzMountainVinyardCabernetSauvignon is locatedIn CaliforniaRegion
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locatedIn is Transitive
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“locatedIn”> <rdf:type rdf:resource=“TransitiveProperty” /> <!– include an OWLURI -->
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“OWLURI#Thing”/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=“#Region”/></owl:ObjectProperty>
• A deduction like the following is now possible… The Thing SantaCruzMountainVinyardCabernetSauvignon is locatedIn CaliforniaRegion
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Given the madeFromGrape property
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“madeFromGrape”>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“#Wine”/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=“#WineGrape”/>
</owl:ObjectProperty> madeFromGrape
(#Wine,#WineGrape)
(#Wine,#WineGrape)
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And…
<owl:Thing ref:ID=“LindemansBin65Chardonnay”>
<madeFromGrape rdf:resource=“#ChardonnayGrape”/>
<owl:Thing>
We can deduce that LindemansBin65Chardonnay is a Wine.
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Given a Property…
<owl:Class rdf:ID=“WineDescriptor”/>
<owl:Class rdf:ID=”WineColor”>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=“WineDescriptor”/>
…
<owl:Class>
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“hasWineDescriptor”>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“#Wine”/>
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=“#WineDescriptor”/>
<owl:ObjectProperty>
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We can define a subproperty
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“hasColor”>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=“#hasWineDescriptor”/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“#Wine”/>
<rfds:range rdf:resource = “#WineColor” />
…
</owl:ObjectProperty>hasWineDescriptor
(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineColor)(#Wine,#WineColor)
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And make it functional.
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=“hasColor”>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=“&owl;FunctionalProperty”/>
<rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource=“#hasWineDescriptor”/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=“#Wine”/>
<rfds:range rdf:resource = “#WineColor” />
…
</owl:ObjectProperty>
hasWineDescriptor
(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineDescriptor)(#Wine,#WineColor)(#Wine,#WineColor)
Now, for each Wine, therecan be at most one WineColor.
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<owl:Class rdf:ID=“Wine”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource = “&food;#PotableLiquid” /> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource=“#madeFromGrape”/> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype= “&xsd;nonNegativeInteger”>1 </owl:minCardinalty> </owl:restriction> <rdfs:subClassOf> …</owl:Class>
Anonymous Classes
So, those Things that are in the PotableLiquid set that arealso in the set of things made from at least one grape are Wines. If we know that x isa Wine then we know it has atleast one madeFromGrapeproperty defined.
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A Wine Individual
<CabernetSauvignon rdf:ID= “SantaCruzMountainVinyardCabernetSauvignon”> <locatedIn rdf:resource=“#SantaCruzMountainsRegion”/> :</CabernetSauvignon>
This says nothing about what grape it’s made from. To find that outwe must look to the class CabernetSauvignon. There we learn allwines of this variety are madeFromGrape CabernetSauvignon.
So, individuals inherit properties and property values from their class.
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What does this mean?
<owl:Class rdf:ID="#Student"> <owl:intersectionOf
rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty
rdf:resource="#enrolledIn"/> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype=
"&xsd;nonNegativeInteger"> 1 </owl:minCardinality> </owl:Restriction> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class>
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And this?
<Student rdf:ID="John"> <friendOf> <Student rdf:resource="#Peter" /> </friendOf></Student>
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How about this one?<Student rdf:about=" http://www.student.org#DanielaRenuncio "> <owl:sameIndividualAs rdf:resource= "http://www.student.org#Daniela_de_Senna_Eyng_Renuncio"/></Student>