internet woking
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
1/29
Internetworking technology
1Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
2/29
Routeris an electronic device used to forward
data between computer networks.
a router is a networking device whosesoftware and hardware are usually tailored to
the tasks ofrouting and forwarding
information
Routers connect two or more logical subnets
2Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
3/29
In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, arouter is a device or, in some cases, software in acomputer, that determines the next network point towhich a packet should be forwarded toward its
destination. The router is connected to at least twonetworks and decides which way to send eachinformation packet based on its current understandingof the state of the networks it is connected to. A routeris located at any gateway (where one network meets
another), including each point-of-presence on theInternet. A router is often included as part of a networkswitch.
3Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
4/29
LAN
A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network covering a small physical area, like a
home, office, or small group of buildings, such
as a school, or an airport.
4Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
5/29
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network - a network
spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but
smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is
typically owned an operated by a single entity
such as a government body or large
corporation.
5Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
6/29
Ametropolitan area network (MAN) is a large
computer network that usually spans a city or
a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects
a number oflocal area networks (LANs) using
a high-capacity backbone technology, such as
fiber-optical links, and provides up-link
services to wide area networks and theInternet.
6Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
7/29
WAN
WAN -Wide Area Network
As the term implies, aWAN spans a largephysical distance. The Internet is the largestWAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is ageographically-dispersed collection ofLANs. Anetwork device called a router connects LANsto a WAN. In IP networking, the routermaintains both a LAN address and a WANaddress.
7Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
8/29
LAN Vs MAN
A WAN differs from a LAN in several important
ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not
owned by any one organization but rather
exist under collective or distributed ownership
and management. WANs tend to use
technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for
connectivity over the longer distances.
8Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
9/29
INTROUDUCTIN TOROUTER
A router is a networking tool/device with the aim of selecting
the appropriate path for to transfer data packages between
different networks. This procedure is identified as routing
A router is a device that establishes the appropriate passagewayfor information package to pass from one network to another
network
Routers join networks collectively for example a LAN to a WAN, a
LAN to LAN and so on, in order to access or see the Internet.
Routers utilize routing tables and headers to settle the finestpassageway for the package to follow. Routing protocols might
be utilized by routers to communicate with each other and make
the most excellent path between any two nodes or hosts on a
network system9Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
10/29
WHAT IS HUB
We can define a hub as it is a point which is used toconnect all the devices in a network. A hub consistsof multiple ports
Three types of hubs are mentioned below.
a passive hub simply broadcast a packet to every port.
Intelligent Hub: Intelligent hub consists of someadditional features.. By using these features anadministrator monitors the traffic and configures portsin the hub
Switching hub: Function of switching hub is to read thedestination address of each packet and then forwardthe packet to correct port
10Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
11/29
ROUTER Vs HUB
routers serve as intermediate destinations fornetwork traffic. These routers receive TCP/IPpackets, look inside each packet to identify thesource and target IP addresses, then forwardthese packets as needed to ensure the datareaches its final destination
A router is a more sophisticated network devicethan either a switch or a hub. Like hubs and
switches, network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of equipment that multiple computerscan connect to
11Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
12/29
CISCO IOS
Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating
System) is the software used on the vast
majority ofCisco Systems routers and current
Cisco network switches. (Earlier switches ran
CatOS). IOS is a package of routing, switching,
internetworking and telecommunications
functions tightly integrated with amultitasking operating system. The first IOS
was written by William Yeager.
12Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
13/29
Routing protocols
Routing protocols
A routing protocol provides a mechanism forrouters to share routing information. These
protocols allow routers to pass informationbetween themselves, and update their routingtables. Example of routing protocols are RoutingInformation Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (IGRP), Enhanced InteriorGatewayRouting Protocol (EIGRP) and OpenShortest Path First (OSPF).
13Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
14/29
Static and dynamic routing
A route can either use static or dynamic
routing.
STATICROUTING DYNAMICROUTING
14Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
15/29
STATICROUTING
In static routing, a system administrator sets
up a manual route when there is only one
route to get to a network. This type of
configuring reduces the overhead of dynamic
routing. Static routing also allows the
internetwork administration to specify the
information that is advertised parts of anetwork.
15Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
16/29
DYNAMICROUTING
In Dynamic routing, the routers monitor the
network, and can change their routing tables
based on the current network conditions. The
network thus adapts to changing conditions.
Unfortunately, this method tends to reveal
everything known about an internetwork to
the rest of the network. This may beinappropriate for security reasons.
16Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
17/29
17Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
18/29
Distance vector routing protocols
18Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
19/29
Interior routing protocols
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) exchange routinginformation within a single routing domain. A givenautonomous system [5] can contain multiple routingdomains, or a set of routing domains can be
coordinated without being an Internet-participatingautonomous system. Common examples include:fh
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
19Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
20/29
exterior protocol
A protocol concerned with routing between
Autonomous Systems (ASs), which are groups
of routers within the same administrative
domain. Exterior protocols include the
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and the
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
20Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
21/29
Routing table
A routing table is an electronic document thatstores the routes to the various nodes in acomputer network. The nodes may be any kind of
electronic device connected to the network. TheRouting Table is usually stored in a router ornetworked computer in the form of a database orfile. When data needs to be sent from one node
to another on the network, the routing table isreferred to in order to find the best possibleroute for the transfer of information.
21Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
22/29
Routing method
Hop-by-hop Routing is a common routingmethod used in networks wherein for each nodein the network, the address of the next node
leading to the destination is listed. So when adata packet arrives at a particular node, it thenrefers to the routing table to find the address ofthe next hop destination. Once it reaches that
node, it again refers to the routing table for theaddress of the next hop and so on, until itreaches the final destination.
22Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
23/29
Static Vs. dynamic routing table
Routing tables can generally be maintained manuallywhen the network is small and static. The routingtables for all static network devices never changeunless and until the administrator of the network
changes them manually. In dynamic routing, thedevices themselves automatically build and maintaintheir own routing tables. They do this by exchanginginformation regarding the network topology usingrouting protocols. This enables the devices in the
network to automatically adapt to the changes in thenetwork like device failures and network congestion asand when they occur.
23Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
24/29
TCP/IP Protocols
24Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
25/29
25Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
26/29
26Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
27/29
27Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
28/29
Access control list
With respect to a computer file system, anaccess control list (ACL) is a list ofpermissionsattached to an object. An ACL specifies which
usersor system processesare grantedaccess to objects, as well as what operationsare allowed to be performed on given objects.In a typical ACL, each entry in the list specifies
a subject and an operation. For example, theentry (Alice, delete) on the ACL for file WXYgives Alice permission to delete file WXY.
28Anupam sahu
-
8/9/2019 Internet Woking
29/29
29Anupam sahu