کے پاک نام سے، جو نہایت رحم دل اور مہربان ہےهللاشروع کرتا ہوں

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At

By:

This Document is submitted as the partial fulfillment of the Degree B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture.

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Mudusser Hussain2005-ag-1888

Muhammad Irfan Nawaz2005-ag-1885

Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad.

To Whom It May Concern

e, the supervisory committee Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur

certify that contents and briefing efforts of report submitted by Mudusser

Hussain, has been found satisfactory and appreciable. We hope that you will honour

his efforts and will boost up his courage which will provide him with confidence. We

recommend that it must be evaluated by external examiner for the award of degree.

W

Approved By:-

Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad. ------------------------

(Horticulturist)

Mr. Muhammad Azhar Bashir. ------------------------

(Assistant Research Officer)

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A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t All praise bow before the all Mighty ALLAH; the greatest benefactor of all, owner of all the

known and unknown worlds; the Arbitrator of Judgment day and closer to me than my jugular vein;

by the Grace of Whom I have been able to end the given task.

I would also like to appreciate my worthy parents who helped me in increasing my devotion

towards my work in thick and thin with their valuable advices and reprimands. They were the path

revealer to me, whenever I got stuck in dark.

I would like to express my gratitude to my laudable supervisors at Horticultural Research

Institute, Bahawalpur, for their benevolent guidance on my given task. I would happily pay my

regards to Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed and Dr. Azhar Bashir; who humanely took me through the long

and weary trail of erudition. They, along with their colleagues and co-workers, furnished me with

eternal knowledge and meaning of life. Their thought provoking words would always be carved in

my wit. They taught me the values of life and ethics. Both of them helped me a lot in completing my

chore. They honed my observation skills, enhanced my problem solving abilities, beautified my

aesthetics and sharpened my reasoning.

I am also thankful to my worthy teachers at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; in

particular Dr. Jafar Jaskani, Dr. Aman Ullah Malik, Dr. Ahmed Sattar and Dr. Aslam Pervez

(Director, IHS) for bestowing an opportunity to peek inside the practical side of the profession, so

that I can get a quick glimpse of my future career.

In the end, I would appreciate my friends and colleagues for pointing out my mistakes and

slip-ups for improvement… Thank You ALL

Mudasser Hussain2005-ag-1888

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Dedicated To….

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Holy Prophet (PBUH)[Greatest Reformer]

&

My Precious Parents

No. Title Pages1 Certificate I2 Acknowledgement III3 Introduction to Bahawalpur 14 Introduction to HRS 25 Organizational Setup 36 Citrus 47 Mango 68 Date Palm 149 Guava 1910 Jujube 2111 Pomegranate 24

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12 Falsa 2613 Project Assigned 2714 Annexure 31

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B a h a w a l p u r

Introduction

The city was founded in 1748 by Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi I, whose

descendants ruled the area until it joined Pakistan in 1947. The Bahawalpur (princely state) was one

of the largest states of British India, more than 450 kilometres long, and was ruled by Nawab Sir

Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V Bahadur,[2] who decided to join Pakistan at the time of

independence in 1947.

The Royal House of Bahawalpur is said to be of Arabic origin and claim descent from Abbas,

progenitor of the Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad and Cairo. Sultan Ahmad II, son of Shah Muzammil

of Egypt left that country and arrived in Sind with a large following of Arabs ca. 1370. He married a

daughter of Raja Rai Dhorang Sahta, receiving a third of the country as a dowry. Amir Fathu'llah

Khan Abbasi, is the recognized ancestor of the dynasty. He conquered the Bhangar territory from

Raja Dallu, of Alor and Bahmanabad, renaming it Qahir Bela. Amir Muhammad Chani Khan Abbasi

entered the imperial service and gained appointment as a Panchhazari in 1583. At his death, the

leadership of the tribe was contested between two branches of the family, the Daudputras and the

Kalhoras. Amir Bahadur Khan Abbasi abandoned Tarai and settled near Bhakkar, founding the town

of Shikarpur in 1690. Daud Khan, the first of his family to rule Bahawalpur, originated from Sind

where he had opposed the Afghan Governor of that province and was forced to flee. The Nawab

entered into Treaty relations with the HEIC, 22 February 1833. The state acceded to the Dominion of

Pakistan on 7 October 1947 and was merged into the province of West Pakistan on 14 October

1955.Daud farooq is one the great personalities of the city

Nawab of Bahawalpur belongs to the Abbasi family who ruled this tract from 1733 till the

establishment of Islamic state of Pakistan.

The area had been under the Muslims rule since centuries and Mini-Pakistan was already

present in the Islamic States of Bahawalpur. Uch town was well known center of Islamic education

and preaching before the rule of Islam and opened large number of Islamic schools, which were

financed by the state government. From the Jamia Abbasia Bahawalpur to the establishment of

Islamia University, Bahawalpur was outcome of religious schooling made in the past in this tract.

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All sorts of Correspondence and court language have been compulsory in the Urdu although we

had not been able to adopt Urdu language on private and public offices. So far in Pakistan,

Mehmood Ghaznavi and Shahab-ud-din Ghori crossed the valley repeatedly to conquer Sindh,

Gujrat and other areas.

Thousand years ago, the Sindh Valley civilization had been in progress on a vast area of

6,00,000 sq. miles. Mahenjo Daro and Harepa towns remain had been found on the east and west

corners of the territory which stood in the center and is considered the part of Indus valley

civilization. This track is known is the valley of Hakra River and is junction of other civilization.

Saraiki is mother language of this tract. The river Hakra had been running through the center of

former state of Bahawalpur from east to west since centuries. The river Satluj had been covering

the north east area up to Punjab.

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  H R S - B W P   (Horticultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur)

IntroductionThe horticultural research station, Bahawalpur was established under the administration and

control of Horticulturist Dera Ghazi Khan in 1984-85. One square of land was acquired from

Deputy Director Agriculture Extension. Fruit varieties were planted in the area to find the best-

suited varieties. Nursery plants on limited scale are also being produced at the station because

there are limited resources for this purpose. This sub-station is upgraded to station in July 2003

Objectives

Establishment of Better Cultivars of Date Palm Garden at Bahawalpur.

To produce genetically pure and healthy suckers/off-sets date palm for the gardeners/farmers.

To carry out research work to improve the production technology of Date palm.

To Survey in Pakistan for identification and selection of better date palm cultivars in date

palm growing area.

To give trustworthy opinions/suggestions to the farmers not only about date palm but also

about mango, guava, jujube, pomegranate, Phalsa and citrus.

To devise solutions to the problems of above mentioned fruits through research work.

To provide the farmers with scions and propagative-plants of above mentioned plants.

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Secretary

Director General

Agriculture

Director Horticultural Research Institute

Faisalabad

Horticultural Research Institute, Faisalabad

Mango Research Station, Shuja Abad

Horticultural Research Station,

Bahawalpur

Hill Fruit Research Station,Murree

Date Palm Research Sub-Station,

Jhang

Horticultural Research Sub-Station,

DG Khan

Organizational Setup of Directorate of Research

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C i t r u s(Citrus spp.)

Introduction

Family: RutaceaeCitrus Poncirus Fortunella

Sweet Orange, Mandarin, Grape Fruit, Lime and Lemon

Trifoliate Orange Kumquat

Currently grown over a vast area in Pakistan, Citrus is mainly contributed by

Punjab (over 95% of the total production).

Propagation:Citrus is propagated by both sexual & asexually. Generally rootstock is

propagated sexually through seed and most of the commercial varieties are prorogated by

various asexual methods. Asexual propagation through T-grafting is done in September

& February. Seed of Khatti are collected in August & sown immediately on 4-6 inches.

Raised beds are for nursery & plant-to-plant distant is kept 15-20ft & Gypsum is added

@ 5kg/pit.

One year old plant of Khatti is used as root stock and is grafted with the scion.

The grafted plants are shifted to the field after 6-12 months of grafting.

Fertilizers: SSP @ 4kg/plant or TSP @ 1kg/plant; Urea @1kg/plant and Potash @1kg/kg is

applied respectively in December- January. SSP is applied as 1st dose. Nitrophos

is applied @ 1-1.5kg/plant & Potash @ 1kg/plant with the 1st dose.

Second dose of Nitrophos @ 1kg /plant is given in August-September.

Insect Pest Of Citrus:

White fly

Black fly

Citrus psylla

Scale insect

Mealy bug

Control:

Supracid @ 150ml/100litres of water should be

applied.Follidel @ 200ml/ 100 liters of water.

Metasystox @ 250 ml/100litres of water.

Systovit @ 100 ml/ 100liters of water.

Talstar @ 30 ml /100liters of water.

H2SO4 @5kg/plant in a year.

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Gypsum@ 5-10kg /plant/year.

Diseases: Phytophthora diseases Gummosis. Root rot Crown rot Whither tips. Stem end rot. Sooty mold.

Control:Pre-monsoon spray of Bordeaux mixture 1%

CuSo4+ 1kg lime+500g ZnSO4/100 liter of water is

applied to control the above diseases. Trimiltox

@200g or cupravit @ 200g or Intracol @ 200g/100

liters of water is also applied to control above

diseases.

Citrus Decline:

In recent years, many of the farmers in the country have reported a decline or Die

Back for last 4-5 years. The affected trees don't die but remain unproductive.

Factors: Several factors such as virus, Fungi, Nematodes & Mycoplasma are seemed to

be responsible. Highly saline soil, lime concentration in the lower zone, poor nutrition,

sub-standard nursery, growing of exhaustive intercrop ands weeds may also be

responsible for the decline.

Preventive Measures: Following measures should be adopted to overcome the citrus

decline & to build vigorous tree with good yield.

The selected site should be virus free plant.

Bud-wood should be selected from virus free plants.

Plant should be treated with fungicides that should be pasted on the trunk to

control. Fungi, citrus psylla, aphid and other insects.

Applications of nematocides to the soil should be done to control the nematodes.

Proper drainage should be done.

Proper micro & macronutrients should be applied during the growth period.

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M a n g o(Mangifera Indica)

IntroductionIts family is Anacardiaceae. This family has many species of mango but only

edible species is Mangifera indica. The mango has distinguished rank among the fruits. It

is the famous fruit in the countries of subtropical region. It is called as "The King of

Asian Fruit". It has more nutritional value. It has different sizes and shapes. Its color

ranges from green, yellow to red. The mango tree is huge, long-lived, straight, branched

and evergreen. The uncontrolled mango tree grows to an impressive size.

Under favorable condition it may attain a height of 25m. The color of young

leaves is specific and may be used for dependable character for variety identification. The

flushes appear from February- October. When leaves completely grow they become rigid

and dark green. These leaves can be used in decoration.

Origin and Distribution:Mango has been cultivated since 4,000 years. Now this fruit is grown at large

scale in China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippine, India and Brazil. In Pakistan mango is

cultivated in Multan, Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan and Sarghodha divisions of Punjab;

and in some Sindh areas. Only more than 500 varieties are cultivated in India but 35

varieties are grown at large scale. The mango has gained popularity in America,

Australia, Southern and Central America, southern and western Africa and Philippine.

India produces 14 millions tons every year.

Mango in Pakistan:It is ranked as 2nd most cultivated fruit in Pakistan. Its cultivated areas have been

increased but increase in production is slow. In Punjab, the productive districts are

Multan, Bahawalpur, Muzaffargarh and Rahim Yar Khan. In Sindh, it is cultivated in

Mirpur Khas, Hydrabad and Thatta districts. In NWFP, it is cultivated in Peshawar and

Murdan. In sindh, early varieties are cultivated because summer season gets warmer one

month before Punjab. In Punjab, late varieties fetch better prices as they prolong the

mango availability season.

Climate & Soil: It is a fruit of subtropical region and requires humid climate. It

cannot tolerate severe cold. Mango is actually a fruit of warm-humid climate where rains

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remain through out the year but production is less and fruit characteristics are also not

good in such areas. It is commonly observed that the characteristics of mango are very

good if it is cultivated in warm-dry climate. But young plants cannot tolerate warm air in

summer. Mango is cultivated on a wide range of soils. Deep, sandy loam and well-

drained soil is suitable for mango orchard. Mango is grown on soil with pH 6.5-8.5.

Layout:

Mango is planted in square system. Plant-to-plant and line-to-line

distance is equal in square system. The planting distance depends upon

the variety, soil and climate. Small and less spreading types are planted

at the distance of 9.5m while large and most spreading varieties are

planted at the distance of 12m. Interplant distances of number of plants

in one acre of different varieties are given as follows.

Variety P*P (m)

No. Of plants/acre

Anwar Ratul, Dusari, Sensation. 9.5 36Langra, samar Bahisht, chonsa, Sindri and Fajri. 12 25

At present, work on high density plantation and intense intercropping is being done in

various institutes.

Propagation: Mango is prorogated by both sexually and asexually. Sexually

propagated mango is called ‘Desi Mango’ or seedling, where it is propagated through

seeds. Plants are obviously not true-to-type through seeds. Plants give fruits late and fruit

quality is also not good through seeds. Therefore seeds are only used for rootstock.

Mango is also prorogated through side-grafting, T-grafting & veneer grafting. To raise

rootstock, fresh mango stones are sown in July-August in lines either directly in beds or

in the ground. In other case, seedlings are shifted to beds in August-September when a

new leaves turn to green .The seedlings remain there for one year. The plants are grafted

in the nursery bed when they are 1-1.5 year old. They are shifted to the field after six

months on well-prepared and pre-dug pits during March and September every year.

Irrigation: At flowering irrigation is useful for more fruiting. After flowering, 3

irrigations in a month from April to June are applied which help to control the fruit-drop

and production of new flushes which will consequently yield higher next year. Irrigation

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should be stopped in October-November to increase the fruit bud differentiation.

Irrigation schedule is listed in the table;

Method of irrigation:

Basin system

Modified basin system

Furrow method

Flood irrigation system Trickle or drip Irrigation system

Flowering Behavior:

Blooming starts at the end of February and continuous until mid April. Floral

inflorescence is born terminally in the form of panicles (30-50 cm long), which carry

500-1500 flowers (in some cases, there are 7,000 flowers). Frequency of inflorescence

depends on the age of flush.

Percentage of Flowers on FlushApril Flush 37 %May Flush 29 %June Flush 20 %July Flush 12 %August Flush 07 %

Fertilizer:

FYM, Urea, SSP or Ammonium Sulphate 40 kg, 4-6 kg, 2 kg, or 4 kg/ plant

should be applied respectively at the age of 10-12 years. Half dose of Urea and full dose

of SSP should be applied in January-February. Other half doses of Urea & Potash should

be applied after fruit setting. 10 kg/plant Gypsum & 40 kg/plant FYM should be applied

in a year.

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Irrigation Schedule of Bearing Mango TreeTime Month IrrigationAt flowering February-March 1After flowering to start rains April to June. 3Rainy season July-August 1Autumn season September-October 1Winter season November-January 2

To be Applied before FruitingPlant age

FYM (kg/plant)

Urea(Kg/Plant)

(NH4)2SO4

(Kg /plant)

1st year N/A N/A N/A2nd year 10-15 0.25 0.503rd year 15-20 0.35 0.654th year 15-20 0.50 1.005th year 20-25 0.70 1.50

To be Applied annually for bearing plantsPlant age FYM

(kg/plant)Urea

(Kg/Plant)(NH4)2SO4

(Kg /plant)

6-8 year N/A N/A N/A9-10 year 10-15 0.25 0.5011-14 year 15-20 0.35 0.6514 & Above 15-20 0.50 1.00

Spray of Micro-nutrients:

Micronutrients should be sprayed in September-October and after fruit setting in

April. Dissolve the following elements separately and mix in 100 liters of water.

Postharvest Handling:

It’s all about the post-harvest handling of the fruit which can help

to obtain better prices in the market. We cannot improve the

quality of fruit when it is detached from the feeding plant, but

only we can maintain it. When the fruit is harvested, the exudates

which sap out from its stalk are of very acidic properties and it spreads all over the skin

of the fruit. This sap not only destroys the quality of the fruit but also the beauty of the

fruit which decreases its market value. Due to this sap spread on the fruit peel, many

microbial particles and microorganisms also get stick to the fruit skin. These skin

blotches can be prevented by following methods.

Harvesting Method:The fruit must be harvest leaving 4-6” of stalk in such a way that neither the stalk

must be broken nor the fruit must get injured. Then collect all the fruits in clean and

hygienic trays of plastic or wood. To prevent the spots, following methods can be used:

1. Non-Chemical Methodsa. Harvest the fruit leaving 4-6” of stalk with it. Cut the stalk of the

fruit again after the first node. By doing this, we can stop sap flow.b. Harvest the fruit leaving 4-6” of stalk with it; put the fruit upside

down (putting the basal side downwards) and again cut the stalk leaving

only 1cm of stalk with the fruit. After cutting the stalk, leave for at least

20 minutes in the same position, so that the sap flows out of the fruit

without touching its skin. We can use wooden or plastic made frames to

keep the mango fruits upside down.

2. Chemical Method

Good quality CaCO3 is dissolved in water making 50% solution (500g/

Liter of solution). The stalk of the fruit is cut as shown in the diagram and

is dip in the solution at once; or the stalk of the fruit can be cut again when

it is still inside the solution. The fruit is dipped in the solution for 2

minutes then washed with chlorine or clean water. Put the fruits in a dry

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CuSO4 250gFeSO4 200gZnSO4 250gLime 500gBorax 100g

and clean environment after washing. Do not put the fruit on grass or bare

soil.

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Diseases and Insects

Diseases:

Anthracnose:

Leaves of the affected tree get dried and burned at margins, and this

disease spreads slowly from small branches to main shoots and scaffold branches.

Leaves start to fall and the tree as a whole gets dry from top to bottom. The tree

bears lesser fruits and the fruit may also fall off later. All these are the forms of

Anthracnose. When it extends on branches it is called as leaves anthracnose while

when it attacks on the flowers of the tree it is called as ‘Blossom Blight’. If it

appears on the stem, it is called as “Gummosis” while on root, it causes “Die

Back”; a disease in which the plant dies from top to bottom. Another symptom of

the disease is that dark brown blisters appear on the surface of the leaves. In case

of severe attack, brown streaks appear on the branches and twigs and leaves start

to fall very rapidly.

Control: To control this disease, the first preventive spray of Mencozeb and

Topson-M can be done before flowering season.

Powdery Mildew:

This disease attacks on the mango fruit tree in blooming season. Whitish

powder on the panicle can be easily seen in case of attack. Affected flowers drop

rapidly.

Control: To Control this disease, spray the plant with Baytan Foliar or Topaz

when 50% of the bloom is complete.

Mango Malformation:

The panicle is malformed, forms a clump or bunch of flowers which don’t

set fruit. There is no effective cure for this type of malady but if the branches

bearing malformed panicles are pruned 20-30cm before the base of panicle in the

month of April, August, September regularly for 2 to 3 years, we can curb the

problem. Pruned panicles must be burnt and dumped into the soil.

Insects:

Aphid:

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It is brownish insect while its instars are light yellowish or blackish in

color. This insect sucks the sap from the panicles making the flowers dry and fall

off. It can’t be controlled only by the use of chemicals or pesticides. Pruning of

affected branches helps out in removing the place to hide and so it dies in the

cold.

Control: Preventive spray must be done when trees start blooming. Imidachloprid

or Bifentherine can be sprayed after mixing with water.

Mango Mealy Bug:

In May-June, the females crawl down from the trees to lay eggs in the soil. Larvae

from these eggs hatch out in the month of December and January. These larvae

crawl up on the tree and suck the sap from the new twigs.

Control: Light soil disturbance before December destroys the eggs in the soil. In

December, fruit trees are wrapped with sticky or slippery bands so that the insects

remain in the soil near the stem of the tree where we can destroy them by spraying

some insecticide like Imidachloprid etc.

Fruit Fly:

It is reddish brown colored fly. It attacks the plants from June up till the

harvesting of the mango. It pierces the fruit to lay its eggs inside the pulp of the

fruit. The larvae of the fruit fly eat up all the pulp of the fruit which later on dries

and drops off. These larvae then leave the fruit and enter into the earth and stay

there until they morph into complete fruit flies, and again attack the fruit.

Control: Pheromone traps can be used (Mehtyleugeanal). Trichlorofan and

Deptrix are effective insecticides for this insect.

Scale Insects:

These small round insects are buried under waxy layer and can be found in

hundreds on the lower side of the leaves. It sucks the sap of the leaves and dries

them up. In case of serious attack small branches and twigs also get dried.

Control: Affected branches must be pruned and effective insecticide must be

sprayed like Methidathian (Suprasid) and Advantage.

Midges:

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It is minute whitish insect with a life period of two days. The females lay

eggs on soft branches and larvae chew down soft parts of the plants making the

panicles dry. These larvae then fall on the ground and turn into pupae which give

birth to new flies.

Control: Larvae must be destroyed in the soil and plant must be sprayed with

Imidachloprid.

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DisordersAlternate bearing:

It occurs due to some physiological, environmental and/or genetic factors; for instance

over-application of fertilizer (esp. Nitrogen) during the off-Year and delayed harvesting

of the fruits during on-year. Disease or insect attack, and improper irrigation scheduling

may also contribute to biennial bearing.

Control:

Thinning of fruits during on-year.

Maximum irrigation in on-year.

Early picking of fruits during on-year.

Protection of plants from natural hazards.

Foliar application of 2, 4-D or Silver Nitrate.

De-blossoming during on year.

Balance of C:N ratio.

Attack of powdery Mildew, Anthracnose and Mango hopper should be checked.

Ringing and girdling should be done.

Decline in Mango:

Several diseases are observed in this research station. They have been termed as

twig blight; tips die back, gummosis and stem bleeding. These diseases have been

comparable symptoms, etiology and related causal agents.

Symptoms:

Marginal scorching of leaf-lamina; which may or may not progress to defoliation.

Foliar symptoms of nutritional deficiency particularly Iron and Manganese.

Dieback of small branches particularly from the terminal.

Vascular discoloration and root degeneration.

Oozing of clear cloud exudates either from terminal bud or from branches.

Control:

Diseased free orchards should be established.

Planting material should be free from pathogens.

Techniques used to detect these pathogens in planting stock would be useful.

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Affected portion of canopy must be pruned and the wounded areas should be

treated with 5:5:50 solution of Bordeaux mixture.

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Fruit Drop in Mango:There are different stages of fruit drop. These stages are as follows.

Mustard Stage:

Grain or Pea Stage:

Marble Stage:

June Drop:

Control:

Scheduled irrigation should be given during the flowering period.

Flood irrigation should be given during the fruiting season.

Windbreaks should be installed around the orchards and spray of

Planofix reduces the fruit drop up to considerable level.

Mango Dieback:

Dieback includes wilting, defoliation, gummosis and vascular discoloration, high

summer temperature is thought to pre-dispose mango plant to this disorder.

Symptoms:

Intravenous chlorosis.

Marginal chlorosis.

Dieback of young twigs, which progress to large branches.

Reduced growth of secondary roots.

Gummosis and discoloration of affected trees, which may die afterwards.

Cultural Control:

Regular pruning of affected plant parts should be done.

Wounded trees should be treated with Bordeaux mixture 5:5:50.

Chemical Control:

Antracol @ 200g/100 liters of water should be sprayed.

Trimultox @200g/100liters of water should be sprayed.

Diathene M-45 @ 400 gm/100 liters of water should be sprayed.

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Mango CultivarsEarly Season Varieties:

Malda.

Yakta.

Mid Season Varieties Duseri.

Sindhri.

Langra.

Anwar Ratul.

Late Season Varieties: Neelum.

Ratul-12

Fajri

Ameer Gola

Amin Wala

Chonsa.

Sensation.

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D a t e P a l m(Phoenix dactylifera)

IntroductionBotanical Name Phonix dactylifera

Family Palmaceae

It is the oldest reported fruit in the world. It is tribute for date that it is stated 22

times in the Holy Quran. In Bible it is called as ‘Great Gift’. Date palm tree can live for

more than one hundred years. Date palms planted by our Last Prophet (PBUH) are still

bearing good quality commercial fruit. It is highly recognized for its nutritional and

medicinal value. It contains 2870 units of calories in one kg of fruit.

It is cultivated in Makran division of Balochistan, Khairpur and division of Sindh,

D.I Khan division of NWFP and Multan, D.G.Khan, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan.

Rank of date is fourth among the fruit of Pakistan. Rank of Pakistan is 6 th on the basis of

production in the world. More than 100 varieties are cultivated in Pakistan.

Distribution and History: The date palm has been cultivated since 3,000B.C.It

originated in Middle East. Almost all palms are indigenous to hot climate. Some

important growing countries are Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Algeria,

Tunis, and Egypt.

Climate: It is said for date palm that "Its Head is in fire & feet in water". It can tolerate

58 degree centigrade temperature. It requires 18 degree centigrade at flowering and 25

degree centigrade at bearing and fruiting. For proper ripening & quality, the interaction of

temperature & humidity is extremely important. Fruit becomes hard &dry due to less

humidity while color & quality is bad due to high humidity. Rains during pollination

affect the fruit setting. In general, date palm cultivation requires high temperature, much

sunlight, low humidity, low rainfall & the absence of high winds.

Soil: In principle, date palm requires light, deep, well-drained soil. Rocky and compact &

high saline soil is not fit for date culture.

Lay out: Square system is commonly practiced. P-P distance is kept 20 feet. Pits should

be made before plantation i.e. 3 × 3 × 3 feet.

Propagation:

Dates are prorogated by both sexually and asexually.

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1. Sexual Method:

Sexual propagation is done through seed and is not true to type plant. Also

as with other fruit plants, sexually reproduced trees take a longer time to bloom

than asexually propagated ones.

2. Asexual Method:

In this method propagation is done through suckers, also known as

‘offshoot’ or auxiliary buds. There are two types of suckers; ‘aerial suckers’

(which born on the shoot above the ground) and ground suckers (which are

attached to ground). The ground suckers usually perform well as compared to

aerial suckers, which are difficult to root. The rooted suckers are carefully

detached for further propagation. Sucker weight should be10-20 kg or about 3-5

years old for successful propagation. These suckers are removed during Feb-

March & Aug-sep, for planting in orchards. If care is done while removing them

and after planting, the success rate is over 70%. The male trees are planted at

various locations in the orchards for pollination.

Pollination:Being a dioecious plant, pollination is essential for the date palm trees. One male

plant is enough for the pollination of 10 female plants. Remove the spathe about to burst

from male plant, place on newspaper, when flower turn white to brown, get pollens

powder and put it in jars. Collected pollens are mixed with flour. Hand pollination is

done. It should be done after 9:OO A.M. At that time there should no moisture in the air.

Within 48 hours, pollination is completed after the female flowers are opened. Pollination

is done 2-3 times. If rain occurs, pollination should be repeated.

10% male pollens + 90 %flour = 52% fruiting occurs.

20 % male pollen + 80 % flour= 63 % fruiting occurs.

30 %male pollen + 70 % flour =60 % fruiting occurs.

Mechanical:Pollination is done by using various machines which spray the pollens either dry

or in wet form.

Manual:The pollens are sprinkled on the female spathes either hand or by the help of long

sticks with a cloth lump at one end and a hook on the other side of it.

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Irrigation:The water requirement of date palm depends on the climatic conditions, water

table and type of soil and the age of tree. Date palm requires more water during fruit

development than at other time of year. Newly planted orchards require weekly irrigation

for a month at least, while established orchards require irrigation fortnightly during fruit

development and once a month during the rest of the year.

Fertilizers:FYM, Urea, Ammonium sulfate, SSP, & Potash @60-80kg, 2kg, 4kg, 3-4kg, and

1-2kg/plant should be applied respectively. Urea is applied in split doses. One dose is

given before flowering and other after fruit setting.

Pruning: No systemic pruning is needed except removal of dropped or dried leaves.

Fruit Picking: Hand picking is done in July-August. Thorns should be removed to save

the dates from injury. Rain is harmful at the time of fruit ripening.

Intercropping: All leguminous crop i.e. guar, pulses, and berseem should be cultivated.

Insects: Following are some insects along with their control.

No. Insects Control1 Scales Metasystox 2ml/100L of Water2 Spider mites Calthen@ 2ml/100L of water3 Stem borer Phosphotoxin tablets or detia4 Fruit fly Pheromone traps or Diptrex spray5 Termites Chlorpyriphos

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Management Calendar for Date PalmJanuary:

FYM, half nitrogen & full potassium and phosphorus dose should be applied.

Land should be prepared for spring season and pits should be made.

February & March:

Suckers should be separated.

Suckers should be planted in the nursery.

Pits should be filled with loam soil & FYM.

Pollination is carried out.

April:

Pollination should be continued.

Half nitrogen should be applied.

Leguminous crops should be sown in the gapes.

May & June:

Irrigation & hoeing should be given.

Protection measures should be taken for new plants.

July& August:

Pits should be made after lay out.

Harvesting should be done

September & October:

Suckers should be detached from plants.

Suckers should be planted in the nursery.

Pits should be filled with loam soil.

Berseem should be sown.

November& December:

Bordeaux mixture should be applied against fungal diseases.

Protection measures should be taken for new plants against frost.

Various Cultivars of Date Palm

Aseel Chohara Begum jangi Eedal shahBahawalpur Uch local Hillawi Kerblain

Kur Tarwali. Shamran Fasli

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Zahidi Shakri Hamin wali Dhady

Different Stages of Date:

Doka: Color of fruit is greenish yellow. Some varieties are red. Fruit is sweet & delicious

at this stage e.g. Basrah wali, Eedal shah, Fasli, Kur, Tarwali, & Dhady.

Dung: Fruit ripens on lower side & color is changed. Fruit is very sweet. Insect attack is

more & rain damages the fruit at this stage e.g. Zahidi, Eedaln shah, Fasli, Kur, Shakri. &

Shamran.

Pind: Fruit is ripened completely at this stage and is dried on the tree. In Punjab fruit is

not dried on the tree due to rain. For example Aseel, Zahidi.The fruit is curved in

sunlight.

VarietiesFruit color

Eating stage Ripening timeYield/plant(Kg)

TSS(%)

Kur Brown Doka July/August 84 33Halini Yellow Dung September 81 30Aseel Yellow Pind/chuhara August 79 29Dhady Yellow Doka July/August 76 34Shamran Yellow Doka/dung August 71 30Zahidi Yellow Pind August 68 30Kupra Black Pind August 65 27Haminwali Brown Pind July 63 30Shakri Chocolate Doka/dung/pind August 61 35Eadan shah Pinkish

YellowDoka/dung August 57 29

Basrawali Pink Doka/dung August 54 24Fasli Yellow Doka/dung August 51 26Tarwali Pink Doka/dung August 47 28Makhi Greenish

YellowPind August 45 29

Pathri Yellow Doka/dung July 42 31

Determination of Yield:

Yield is determined by following formula.

Yield = Average individual fruit wait.

No. of fruit = No. of Spathes × average no. of strands/Spathes × average no. of

fruits/strands.

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G u a v a   (Psidium guajava)

IntroductionFamily: Myrtaceae

Origin: Guava ranks second number in area wise among the fruits after mango in

Pakistan. It is native to Mexico, which is warm area of America. It is also said that Guava

is native of India. Guava was first discovered in North America, Mexico, & Peru. In

Pakistan, it is mostly cultivated in Karachi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Bahawalpur, Multan,

Sheikhupura, Dera Ismail Khan, Sheikhupura, and Lahore.

Importance

Guava is the king of vitamins C & contains 91-280 gm.

A large quantity of Iron is present in the seeds of Guava.

Minerals, phosphorus and Vitamin A are present in small quantity.

A good quantity of pectin, used in making Jelly is also present in guava fruit.

Climate: It is an evergreen plant. It gives two crops in a year. It grows well in dry and

warm climate. It is drought resistant plant. Taste & shape of fruit is not better in humid

and cold climate. Rains and humidity cause damage to the skin of the fruit during

ripening. Insects become active due to excessive rains and damaged the fruits.

Soil: It grows well on wide range of soil. Guava can be grown from heavy to light loam

soil. But soft and unfertile soil is not suitable for the guava fruit. Guava fruit can be

grown on saline and water logged soil.

Propagation: Guava can be prorogated through seeds, cuttings, layering, and root

cuttings, grafting and budding.

Planting: Guava is raised in the mango orchard as a filler plant. It starts bearing after

two years of planting if managed well. Summer crop is severely attacked by fruit fly, so

to avoid this attack; fruit thinning is practiced in order to get maximum yield in winter. In

winter, the attack of fruit fly is severe. The summer crop should be discouraged so that

nutrient will be stored for a good winter crop.

Pruning: Small plants are pruned to give a strong framework. More flowering takes

place and branches bend due to load at initial stage. So pruning is very helpful. Weak,

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dries branches and offshoot are pruned. Fruit thinning is also helpful to improve the fruit

quality.

Intercropping: Fodder crops are sown in guava orchards.

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Insect Pests:Fruit fly: Fruit fly attacks the guava. It lays eggs inside the fruit and makes hole

and affect the fruit quality. The attack of fruit fly is severe in summer crop and less in

winter.

Control

Nogas @ 200 /100 liters of water should be applied.

Dipterex @150mg /100 liters of water should be applied before fruit

ripening.

Pheromone traps should be used 6-8 traps that are enough for one acre.

Varieties:

The most common and appreciable cultivars are Sufaida, Surkha, Peer Shaped (Larkana

Surahi) and Sadabahar (Seedless).

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J u j u b e(Ziziphus mauritiana)

IntroductionBelonging to Rhamnaceae family, it is considered the fruit of poor people.

Australia, China, India and Syria are major Ber producing countries. In China and

Pakistan fruits ripen in March. It is the most popular fruit in the Sub-Continent. It is a

hardy plant. It can tolerate a wide range of climate.

It is a medium sized and spreading type tree. There are many thorns on the

branches. White powder is formed on lower side of the leaves. Fruit setting starts in

winter in Multan, Lahore, Rawalpindi division and Bahawalpur. Leaves fall after

harvesting and tree goes to dormancy. New leaves sprout in rainy season.

Climate: It is drought tolerant tree that grows wildly in arid and semi-arid regions of

Pakistan to serve as a source of leaf fodder for livestock. It is mostly cultivated in plain

areas. It can be grown on wide range of climate in plain areas. Plants die in cold areas. It

likes warm and dry climate. It can tolerate temperature of 45-50°C and short period of

frost but cannot tolerate severe frost.

Soil: It is a hardy plant that can withstand adverse conditions of soil. It grows well on

sandy soil. It is drought resistant and grows well in waterlogged soil. It can be grown on

every type of soil even on moderately alkaline soil.

Propagation: It is propagated through seeds that are sown in March-April at the depth of

2-3cm. Polythene bags of 10*25cm are used which are filled with sand, clay and leaf

manure. Germination takes place after 20-25 days and sprinkler irrigation is done.

Seedlings are ready for transplantation after six months having plant-to-plant and row-to-

row distance of 30 feet. T budding &T grafting is done in August September and March,

April.

Irrigation: Irrigation intervals should be 15 days in basin system and one month in open

system. Irrigation is applied after one month in May-June. No irrigation is given in

August due to rains.

Fertilizer: FYM @ 40 kg/ plant, Urea @ 2-5 kg / plant, SSP @ 4kg/ plant and Potassium

Sulphate @ 1kg/plant should be applied respectively at fruiting when plants are at the age

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of 7-10 years or more. Half dose of urea is applied in August-September and other half is

applied after fruit setting.

Pruning: Pruning is important in Jujube, dead, diseased, malformed and 3-4 years old

branches should be pruned. Hanging branches are pruned after fruit picking in mid April-

May.

Intercropping: We can do intercropping with wheat, berseem, cotton, vegetables and

pulses etc. for first 5-6 years.

Uses: It is a source of leaf fodder for livestock in arid & semi-arid regions of Pakistan.

The wood of this fruit tree is largely used for making a number of agriculture

implements, furniture and as fuel-wood. Ber trees are also used for lac culture.

Insect pest

Fruit fly: Fruit fly damages the fruit and fruit becomes misshaped and unable to

eat. Fruit fly lays eggs inside the fruit

Control

Dipterex, Thiodon or Follidol should be sprayed @ 200 ml/100 liters of

water on fruit tree in early November. Fruit fly lays eggs inside the fruit and

second spray is done in early February.

Sex pheromone traps should be used on October. One trap is sufficient for

10 plants and direction of traps should be North-South and hanged above the

ground.

Diseases:

Powdery Mildew: It attacks on Jujube in the month of September- October.

Control:

Topsin -M @ 100g /100 liters of water is applied.

Afugen @ 100 g/100 liters of water is applied.

Topas @ 50 g/100 liters of water is applied.

Alternaria:

This disease attacks on the leaves through out the year. This disease is

transferred from leaves to fruit and Black spots appear on the leaves and fruits.

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Control:

Diathane M-45, Trimultox, Antracol or Cupravit is sprayed @200-250

g/100 liters of water.

Spray of bordaux mixture 1:1:100 (CuSO4: CaO or lime: H2O) along with

ZnSO4@ 0.5 kg /100 liters of water should be applied to control the disease.

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Performance of Ber Cultivars at Bahawalpur

Varieties Yield/tree (kg) TSS (%) Sugar (%) Fruit weight (g)

Dehli Sufaid 252 24 10 30Bahawalpur Selection-1

203 20 09 32

Alu bukhara 174 19 07 22Karella 170 21 09 23Umran 167 19 08 22Bahawalpur Selection-2

164 18 09 28

Mahmood Wali 163 23 09 24Gorh 143 18 07 09Suffan 122 22 08 17Khobani 116 19 09 18

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P o m e g r a n a t e(Punica granatum)

IntroductionIt was cultivated in Syria and Egypt. Pomegranate is cultivated in Afghanistan,

Kurdistan and Balouchistan. It is also cultivated in Kashmir and Northwest Himalayan.

Soil: It grows well in heavy loam soil. It is also cultivated on saline soil where other

fruits cannot grow well.

Climate: It grows well in semi-humid climate. Low temperature for long period is not

suitable for pomegranate cultivation. Some varieties are also cultivated at the temperature

of 95 F in summer and frost in winter.

Propagation: Pomegranate is propagated through cuttings, seeds and layering.

Hardwood is selected for cuttings. Cuttings are covered with sand in autumn and sown in

spring. Fresh cuttings give good results in spring. Cuttings are sown at the distance of 20-

30cm and LxL=85-90cm in the nursery.

Transplanting: Plants are transplanted at the distance of 3.5-4m in Balochistan. Plant to

plant distance should be 6m and L x L=6m.

Fertilizers: Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potash should be

applied in January before flowering and remaining half dose of nitrogen should be

applied after fruit setting in March. FYM should be applied @40kg/plant and Urea, SSP

and Potash @ 2kg, 4kg, 1kg/plant should be applied respectively.

Fertilizer Application according to Age of PlantPlant age

(years)FYM

(kg/plant)Urea

(kg/plant)SSP

(kg/plant)Potash

(kg/plant)

4-5 20 1 2 ½6-10 40 2 4 1

Irrigation: Water requirement of pomegranate is 30% less as compared to citrus.

Irrigation should be given one month in summer and should not be given in rainfall areas,

5-8 irrigation is sufficient in less rainfall areas in one year.

Pruning: Pruning is not done at the age of 4 years. Thick branches should be pruned to

get maximum growth. Pruning should be done after 4-5 years.

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Harvesting: Fruit is harvested in August-September before autumn. Baidana ripens

earlier than other fruits. Age of pomegranate is 30 years. It starts bearing fruit after

3years. In pomegranate, manual harvesting is done with scissors.

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Insects & Pest

Fruit fly: It attacks on the fruit and lays eggs inside the fruit.

Control:

Dipterex can be used to control it.

Pheromone traps should be used to lure the fruit fly.

Pomegranate butterfly: Butterfly attacks on the fruit.

Control: Thiodan 200ml or Confidor 60ml in 100ml of water should be sprayed.

Diseases:Fruits spot, leaf spot, blister, fruit rot and root rottening attack on the

pomegranate.

Control:

Borax 1% solution should be sprayed to control the splitting of fruit.

Dithane M-45@ 200g/100 litters of water or Topsin @ 150g/100 litters of water

and Benlate @100g/100litters of water should be sprayed.

Varieties:

Badaina: it ripens in August.

Khud: it ripens in mid September-October. It is cultivated in Quetta, Qalat and

Kashmir.

Qandhari: it ripens in the end September-October.

Tursh: it is cultivated in tribal areas of Quetta

Ali puri: it is local variety of Alipur. Its seeds are white and light pink in color.

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F A L S A(Grevia asiatica)

Introduction

Family: Tilliaceae.

Origin: Its origin is unknown. It is commonly said that it is old plant of Indo-Pak sub-

Continent. It is a popular fruit of Pakistan. It is deciduous plant.

Medicinal Importance: It has a cooling & soothing effect in summer. It is used in

making squashes. It is very suitable for the diseases of abdomen. It purifies the blood. It

is used for prevention of liver heat & indigestion of stomach. It is very beneficial & its

branches are used in making baskets.

Climate: It is not cultivated in snowfall areas (temperate zone). It cannot grow well in

humid climate, leaves fall in winter season. It can tolerate frost and cold.

Soil: It can grow on wide range of soil. Light, heavy and well-drained soils are suitable

for cultivation of falsa.

Propagation Methods: Falsa is usually propagated through seeds. It is not propagated

through cuttings. Grafting is also practiced in falsa but it is a difficult method.

Sowing time and method

Seeds are extracted from fruits and seeds are dried in the shade. Seed should be sown on

seedbeds. Plant is prepared for transplanting after one-year.1200 plants should be planted

in an acre at a distance of 5 × 5 feet.

Bearing Age: Falsa is an annual bearer.

Irrigation: It is drought resistant plant. Irrigation is necessary at the time of flowering &

fruit setting. In summer rainfall is suitable for falsa. Irrigation interval should be 4-6

week in winter season. It is planted in areas of Punjab and Sindh.

Pruning: Severe pruning is done because fruiting takes place mostly on new branches.

Pruning is done at the height of 2-2.5 ft. in January.

Fertilizer: Urea @1/2kg, SSP @ 2 kg/plant should be applied respectively during the

first week of February

Yield: 4-5 kg/plant.

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Projects Assigned

EFFECT OF FRUIT THINNING ON FRUIT QUALITY AND YIELD OF DATE PALM (CV. KUR) UNDER BAHAWALPUR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Treatments:T1 Control (No Thinning)T2 10 % Removal of Strands per spatheT3 25 % Removal of Strands per spatheT4 50 % Removal of Strands per spathe

Layout Design: CRD

No. of Treatments: 4

No. of Replications: 3

No. of Plant per Treatment: 1

Total No. of Plants: 12

Table: Yield and fruit characters of Date Cv. Kur affted by fruit thinning at BahawalpurTreatments Fruit

Weight (g)

Stone Weight

(g)

Stone-Pulp

ratio (%)

Fruit Size (cm)

L x B

TSS (%)

Yield per Plant (Kg)

T1 5.48 0.80 16.68 3.05 x 2.03

29.5 90.97

T2 7.33 1.02 16.17 3.16 x 2.10

30.0 100.47

T3 8.73 1.20 16.08 3.41 x 2.22

31.5 116.40

T4 12.42 1.25 12.60 3.82 x 2.47

32.0 110.13

Result: Maximum fruit weight (12.42g), stone weight (1.25g), fruit size (L x B= 3.82 x

2.47 cm) and TSS % (32.0) were found in those plants where 50% strands were removed.

Maximum stone-pulp ratio (16.68 %) shown by control. Maximum yield per plant

(116.40 Kg) found in those plants where 25% were strands were removed. Minimum fruit

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weight (5.48g), stone weight (0.80g), Fruit size (3.05 x 2.03cm), and TSS % (29.5) and

yield per plant 90.97 Kg were observed in control (without removing any strain).

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EVALUATION OF NEW EIGHT SELECTED BER VARIETIES AT BAHAWALPUR

Table 1:Fruit characters of eight Ber varieties recorded for the year 2008-2009

VarietiesFruit

weight(g)

Stoneweight

(g)

Pulp weight

(g)

Stone-pulp ratio

(%)

Fruit size(L x B) (cm)

Fruit TSS (%)

V1=Ajooba 15.9 1.40 14.50 9.90 3.80 x 2.80 15.90V2=Anokhi 16.6 1.60 14.60 9.00 4.00 x 3.10 16.30 V3=Dilbahar 19.3 1.50 17.90 7.90 4.00 x 3.30 15.90V4=Faisalabad-1 14.9 1.15 13.60 9.00 3.60 x 2.60 15.90V5=Foladi 19.8 1.35 18.60 7.30 3.70 x 3.10 15.70V6=Pak White 16.4 1.35 15.10 8.50 3.40 x 3.80 15.80V7=Sadqia 13.0 0.95 12.05 8.00 3.20 x 2.90 15.70V8=Yazman local 19.1 1.40 17.70 8.00 3.80 x 2.96 16.00

Table 2: Yield and tree characters of eight Ber varieties recorded for 2008-2009Varieties Yield per

plant(kg)

PlantHeight

(m)

PlantSpread

(m)

Stemgirth(cm)

V1=Ajooba 29.33 2.67 3.33 34.00V2=Anokhi 37.66 3.67 6.03 63.67V3=Dilbahar 37.00 3.83 4.60 57.00V4=Faisalabad-1 33.00 2.67 3.50 39.00V5=Foladi 36.00 2.83 3.83 52.66V6=Pak White 39.66 3.83 5.23 61.66V7=Sadqia 29.00 2.33 3.17 24.66V8=Yazman local 36.00 2.83 4.33 49.33

Conclusion: The recorded data showed that maximum fruit weight (19.8g), pulp weight

(18.60g) stone weight (1.35g), fruit size (L x B = 3.70 x 3.10 cm) were found in cv.

Foladi. However maximum stone-pulp ratio (9.90) was recorded for Ajooba cultivar,

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Layout Design: RCBD

No. of Treatments: 9

No. of Replications: 3

No. of Plant per Treatment: 1

Total No. of Plants: 27

Treatments:V1 AjoobaV2 AnokhiV3 DilbaharaV4 Faisalabad-1V5 FoladiV6 Pak WhiteV7 SadqiaV8 Yazman Local

while minimum (7.30) was recorded for cv. Foladi. Cultivar Sadqia attains minimum

values for these parameters except stone-pulp ratio. Maximum Fruit TSS % was (16.30)

for cv. Anokhi.

The data presented in Table 2, showed that maximum yield per plant (39.66 Kg)

was obtained by cv. Pak-white. Ber cultivars Dilbahar and Pak-White both attained

maximum height (3.83 m), while cv. Anokhi has maximum plant spread (6.03m) and

stem girth (63.67cm).

EFFECT OF UREA AND NAA SPRAY ON FRUIT DROP ON GUAVA CV. LARKANA SURAHI

Two sprays of chemicals at fortnightly interval were applied according to treatments as

described below in the experiment “Effect of urea and NAA spray on fruit drop of guava

cv. Larkana Surahi”. The data regarding flower drop (%) were recorded during 2nd week

of May as follows:

Table 1: Flower drop (%) in summer crop of guavaTreatments Flower drop (%)

T1= Control (without spray) 9.33

T2= Spray of Urea (5%) 19.00

T3= Spray of Urea (10%) 30.86

T4= Spray of NAA (0.05%) 56.51

T5= Spray of NAA (0.1%) 57.79

T6= T2+T4 21.22

T7= T3+T5 30.95

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ANNEXURE

Following abbreviations have been used throughout the report.

@ At the rate of FYM Farm Yard Manurecv. CultivarD. G. Khan Dera Ghazi KhanD. I. Khan Dera Ismail KhanL x B Length x BreadthP-P Plant to Plant DistanceSSP Single Super PhosphateTSP Triple Super PhosphateTSS Total Soluble Solids

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