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COMMON LEOPARD PREDATON ON LIVESTOCK, AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL PREDATION IN THE GALLIES FOREST DIVISION, DISTRICT ABBOTABAD

Internship Report of the Study Carried out at WWF, Nathiagali on

BY

SAIF UR REHMAN KHALIL

TASSADAQ HUSSAIN

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

PESHAWAR UNIVERSITY NWFP, PAKISTAN

Session 2008

Leopard Conservation Project WWF-Pakistan

Internship Report 2008

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Dedication

To Common Leopard Conservation Project WWF to save and conserve the precious big cat in Galliat Abbotabad…….



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Table of Contents

S.NO

TITLE

P.NO

CHAPTER NO.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA

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1.1 General introduction 7 1.2 Configuration of the ground 7 1.3 Geology 7 1.4 Rock type 7 1.5 Soil 7 1.6 Climate and rainfall 7 1.7 Socio economic conditions 8 1.8 Problems of the area 8 1.9 Natural Resources 8 CHAPTER NO.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIE

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2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Distribution in World 10 2.3 Distribution and Status in Pakistan 10 2.4 Population Status in Pakistan 11 2.5 Description of the Specie 11

2.6 Reproduction 12 2.7 Biology and Behaviors 12 2.8 Diet and hunting 13 CHAPTER NO.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14 CHAPTER NO.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19 4.1 Materials used for the study 19 4.2 Methodologies adopted for the study 19

CHAPTER NO.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 5.1 General information 21 5.2 Vegetation 21 5.3 Total livestock killed 21 5.4 Types of livestock killed 23 5.5 Age of livestock killed 24 5.6 Date and Time of the livestock killed

4 5.7 Nearest forest from attacking site

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5.8 Terrain 6

5.9 Nearest forest compartment from attacking site 6

5.10 Attack occurred inside home 7

5.11 Eye witness 7

5.12 Trend in livestock depredation 8

5.13 Any significant land mark near attacking site 8

5.14 GIS Based Maps 8

CHAPTER NO.6 CONCLUSION 9

CHAPTER NO.7 RECOMMENDATIONS 0

REFERENCES ANNEXURE

1) APPENDIX A : PICTURES 2) APPENDIX B : QUESTIONNAIRE 3) APPENDIX C : MAPS



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Acknowledgment All praise and thanks to the almighty Allah, the most Merciful, Gracious and

Beneficent the source of knowledge and wisdom, endowed roe mankind, whose bounteous blessings enabled us to complete this work.

We also owe the entire possible attribute to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), who is the source and symbol of knowledge and guidance humanity.

We would like to offer our special thanks to our parents, brothers, sisters, who always helped us and prayed for our success and supported us morally and spiritually achieving our aim in life.

We express our gratitude to Prof. Dr Shafiq-ur-Rehman Chairman, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, for his kindness during our research work.

We profoundly extend our sincere appreciation to the external advisor Mr. Mohammad Waseem, Project Incharge, WWF-Pakistan for his advises, assistance and untiring guidance, under whose dynamic supervision and keep interest the research work presented in this dissertation was accomplished even in the midst of his multifarious duties.

We are also thankful to our internal Advisor, Miss Shehla Nazneen, lecturer, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, for her valuable supervision, guidance and editing the document to make it a presentable one.

We wish to express deep sense of gratitude to our field assistant Miss Sabiha Zaman, who very kindly helped and guide us in the fieldwork.

Special thanks to Mr. Ashiq Ahmed Khan, Chief Technical Advisor, WWF-Pakistan for his generous help, kindness and guidance.

Thanks to the librarian of DES, librarian of PFI and librarian of wildlife department for their sincere help by providing us useful data and help in the collection of secondary data.

Countless thanks to Mr. Mohammad Ali, lecturer, department of geology who deeply support and helps in the developing GIS based maps.

Thanks to Syed Kamran Hussain for providing valuable suggestions and help. Thanks to all our friends for their cooperation, help and moral support throughout

our research.



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Abstract: Livestock rearing is the main feature of pastures in gallliat region of Pakistan. Livestock in these pastures are frequently interacting with predators like common Leopard. Common Leopard kills these livestock for food requirement. As natural prey base of them has been over competed by livestock. This leads to a conflict between wildlife and livestock rearing families, who kills or encourage others to kill endangered common Leopard. A part of the moist temperate forest in NWFP province of Pakistan hosts a total of 55 common leopards (Panthera purdus), seen an escalation in human-leopard conflict. In order to make up for the deficiency of natural prey, leopards have turned towards, and are dependent more on domestic livestock and poultry. In the absence of any viable policy to compensate affectees for the loss of their animals, the harder community is already intolerable of leopards around their villages. Inspite of the damages to livestock, and retaliatory killings by local community, the overall situation of leopard conservation stayed reasonably well till a leopard turned man eater in June 2005, killing 6 women in 10 days. The data (since Jan to July 2008) on livestock predation reveals that a total of 175 goats, 2 cows, 5 buffalo have been killed in 10 villages of our study area. The study aims to determine the trend in the livestock depredation and also find the herding practices of the livestock. From our study it is clear that there is no compensation received by none of that affectee. There should be Compensation for people for the damages of their livestock, like the Garrian Welfare Society which is working in Kalapani (UC Nathiagali). All in our study area the reason for maximum livestock depredation is found to be the careless herding practices i.e. without any herder and less secure corrals.



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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA:

1.1) General introduction: Maj. James Abbot, who was the first Deputy Commissioner of Hazara District, founded the city of Abbotabad in 1853 (Nazneen. S and Hamayun. A, 2005-06). The Gallies forests are situated in the Abbottabad District of Hazara Division of North West Frontier Province of Pakistan approximately between 330 – 55 and 340 -20, north latitude and 730-200 and 630-300 east longitude. The forests are located on a range of hills running north-south for a length of about 39 Kms; the city of Abbottabad is located at the western end of the hills whereas hill station Murree is situated on the south-eastern end. Other important towns with in or in the proximity of the forests are Mansehra and Havelian about 30Kms from its outer periphery and Nathiagali, Dungagali and Thandiani hill stations in the central part of the forests. The entire area of forest reserve is drained to the Jehlum River on the east, Haro Daur in the west, and Kunhar River in the north. (Khan, M.I. 1983-84 to 1992-93) 1.2) Configuration of the ground: The slopes of the hills on which the locations are situated vary from easy, along the main ridges, to fairly steep and even precipitous at places along the spurs. The locations are on elevations varying from 8000’ to 8800’. 1.3) Geology: The present geological structure is result of the extensive folding, shearing faulting, associated with regional crystal deformation arising from the northward seduction of the Indian sub continental plate below the europium plate. 1.4) Rock type: The major rock types are lime-stone, slates, and metamorphic series of phylites, schist and granite with a fair depth of mineral soil, capable to support an average quality of blue pine and fir crops as in the adjoining reserved forests. 1.5) Soil: Soil on the whole is fairly deep and extends from middle to the upper reaches of the tract, elsewhere it is shallow with exposed bedrock due to high incidence of grazing and other biotic activities to which the forest is subjected in the past. 1.6) Climate and rainfall: Moist temperature to temperature conditions prevails in the higher elevation with sub tropical climate in few low laying areas. The average annual rainfall is 1065mm to 1424mm. almost half of which occurs in the monsoon period of July up to September. Snow fall is quite heavy during December to end of January and winter temperature ranges from 2-19 C whereas summer is pleasant period.



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1.7) Socio economic conditions: The project area is about 250,000 acres and is home to approximately 350,000 people. The various means of income are agriculture, livestock rearing, local business, government jobs. The agriculture land is privately owned. The bulk of agriculture land up to 75925 acres, while only 4550 acres have irrigation facilities. The literacy rate of galliat is 30%. 1.8) Problems of the area: The biophysical problems of the area are deforestation, decreasing biodiversity, depleted rangelands, low agriculture yield and landslides. While the main social problems of the area are low literacy rate, poor health of people, over population, early age marriages, lack of infrastructures, poverty and lack of linkage between community and federal departments. 1.9) Natural Resources: 1.9.1) The Forests: The forest is categorized into Reserved forest and Guzara forest. The reserved forest (38443 acres) is owned by state and around 8184 acres area of it was declared as National park in 1993. While Guzara forest (12723 acres) is owned by the locals. 1.9.2) Type of Forest A) Reserved forest type: The major forest type occupied by reserved forests consist of a) The Himalayan temperate forest sub zone: extending from the elevation zone of

8000ft. Coniferous and broad leaved species combinely constitute about 25% of the reserved forest.

The specie composition in this zone is Conifers: Abies pidrow (silver fur), Cedrus deodar (Deodar), Pinus wallichiana (blue pine). Broad-leaved associates: Quercus species (oak), Acer pictrum (Maple), Climbers and Climates Montana b) Blue pine type: Major portion of Galliat reserved forest are occupied by blue pine, altitudinal zone ranging from 8500-9500ft.The specie composition in this zone is Conifers: Pinus wallichiana (blue pine), Abies pidrow (silver fur), Cedrus deodar (Deodar) and Pinus roxburgii (Chir pine). Broad-leaved associates: Quercus species (oak), Acer specie, Taxus baccata, Cornus Macrophyla. c) Conifers zone: This type is found in altitudinal zone extending from 3500 ft to 5500ft, occupying 2% of the total area. Species are pinus roxburgii and Quercus incana. B) Guzara forest types: The guzara forest can be classified into following types 1. Sub tropical pine forests: This type occur in altitudinal range of 2500ft to 6000ft. main coniferous specie is chir pine, forming 29% if this type.



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2. Low level blue pine forest: This type of forest makes about 68% of guzara forest and have been better stoking of blue pine. 3. Western mixed coniferous forests: It forms 3% of the Guzara forest with predominance of blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) and silver fir (Abies pindrow). The species of Guzara forest are: Broad-leaved associates: Quercus incana (oak), corpus marcophyla (kandar) Under growth: Berberis lyceum (sumbal), wood fordia floribunda, Adiantum inicum, Alpunda aristida, Spirea vestita (Amrer). Ground flora: Adiantum inicum, Alpunda aistida, Viola canins (Violet), Frageria vesca (Strawberry). 1.9.2) Wild life: The ecosystem of forests has undergone immense changes due to demographic and social pressures which has adversely effected the wildlife population and many species are on the verge of extinction. Wild life and forest ecosystem are the national heritage and muste be preserved and enhanced. Of the existing important wild animals, monkey is only one of the fair status. Leopard is also found in the area but been declared an endangered specie and need protection. Other mammals found in Ayubia National Park are Yellow throated marten, Himalayan palm civet, Black bear, Kashmir hill fox Red Flying squirrel, Masked civet. The birds of the forest (Ayubia National Park) are Golden eagle, Himalayan Griffon vulture, Honey buzzard, Peregrine falcon, Kestrel, Indian sparrow hawk, Hill pigeon, Spotted dove and Collared dove. The following wild life birds number are also dwindling, these are Kalij pheasants, Ring necked pheasants, Monal pheasants, Koklass pheasants, Chakors, Partridges (grey). (Nazneen. S and Hamayun. A, 2005-06).



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CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIE:

2.1) Introduction: The leopard is the fourth largest of the "big cats" in the world with the jaguar, lion and tiger being larger and the fifth largest of all cats with Pumas being slightly larger." The leopard (Panthera pardus) is an Old World mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four big cats of the genus Panthera, the other three being the tiger, lion and jaguar (website source, wikipedia.com). 2.2) Distribution in World: The leopard (panthera pardus) is the most widely distributed of all the wild cats in the world (Nowell and Jackson 1996). It is found almost in every kind of habitat from the rain forests to the tropics to desert and temperate regions (Kitchener 1991). Fossil evidence, some as old as 1.5 to 2.0 million years (Hemmer 1976, Brain 1981) suggests leopards were once more widely distributed than today. The geographical distribution of leopard extends throughout Africa, Central Asia, South East Asia and North Amur valley in Russia. There are fragmented populations in Israel, Indochina, Malaysia, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia and Western China. Leopard is found through the Indian sub-continent with the exception of deserts, the Sundarbans mangroves, and densely settled areas (Khan 1986, Jhonsingh et al. 1991). It is most common of the big cats, Myres (1976) recommended that it remain in Appendix 1 of CITES because of its extensive hunting had depressed populations in several part of Africa. Common Leopard is classified as a threatened species in the IUCN Red list data book. According to the Global Cat Species Vulnerability Ranking, common leopard is categorized as 5(a), while regionally placed in category 4(a). 2.3) Distribution and Status in Pakistan: There are 31 species of carnivores in Pakistan including four foxes and six small cats. Carnivores specifically include the snow leopard, common leopard, lynx, caracal, civet, mongoose, hyena, desert Palla’s cat and fishing Palla’s cat. There are 4 subspecies of panthera pardus in Pakistan: 1) Panthera pardus fusca (Meyer, 1794) 2) Panthera pardus saxicolor (Pocock, 1927)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordate Class Mammalia Order Carnivore Family Felidae Genus Panthera Specie p.pardus Binomial name Panthera pardus

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3)Panthera pardus sindica (Pocock, 1930) 4)Panthera pardus millardi (Pocock, 1930) Pakistan is home of the worlds big cat, the common leopard (Panthera pardus) .The panthera pardus is confined to Himalayan forest regions up to the limit of the tree-line or the lower altitude valleys in the more arid mountainous regions further north. It also inhabits broken hilly or mountainous country throughout Waziristan, Baluchistan and Sind Kohistan in association with acacia scrub forest (Roberts T.J, 1997). The Leopards in Pakistan are mainly found in the highlands of Baluchistan and Sind, and the mountain forests of Punjab, N.W.F.P and Azad Kashmir. The leopard is found in the Kirthar Mountain Range of Sindh and the Toba Kakar, the Mekran and the Sulaiman Range of Baluchistan. In the northern mountanious region it is found in the Murree Hills, Swat, Kohistan, Dir, Chitral, Abbotabad and Lower Gilgit. It is also found in the Kaghan valley and the Margalla Hills. In Azad Kaashmir it is found around the hill ranges of Muzaffarabad and the Neelum Valley. Its survival in the Salt Range in Punjab is not clear, though they still do exist in very small numbers. The leopard sparsely inhabits the Kala Chita hills as well (Wildlife of Pakistan website). 2.4) Population Status in Pakistan: The total population in Pakistan is unknown. A study on the common leopard to estimate its population, distribution pattern and habitat preferences was done from 1998-1999 in Rawalpindi District by M. Anwar Maan and A. Aleem Chaudhry(Tiger Paper Vol. 27:No.4 Oct-Dec 2000)... The overall population estimate within a 281 square km habitat was 5.058 -+ 4.496, indicating that 1-9 leopards survive in its distribution range. On the basis of observations recorded during the study period, it was concluded that the population of common leopard was randomly distributed, showing no preference for a particular habitat. The N.W.F.P wildlife department carried out a census in the province in 1997 and has put the number of leopards in that province at 76 (Distribution and Status of Wildlife in the N.W.F.P, 1997. N.W.F.P Wildlife Department). Further there might be (a guess) 40-50 in the forests of Azad Kashmir. Sind Wildlife Department reported 7 leopards occuring in the Kirthar National Park in Sind in 1982. The total population of this beautiful cat in Pakistan may be in between 150-250. According to Waseem M, Leopard Census Report, 2007, WWF-Pakistan, 24 leopards exists in district Abbotabad (Study area). 2.5) Description of the Specie: The leopard is most easily recognised by its rosette patterned coat and extremely long, darker tail. This large cat is sometimes confused in appearance with the South American Jaguar - the leopard though is less stocky and unlike the jaguar, its rosette markings are generally smaller and have no internal spots. The overall size of the leopard depends very much on the subspecies and location, with the largest animals growing to a length of nearly 5 feet with an additional tail length of some 3 feet - generally the male is between 20-40% larger than the female. The base coloration of the coat also varies greatly depending upon location, ranging from golden/yellow in open grasslands, through

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yellow/cream in desert areas to deep gold in mountain and forest regions. All black or melanistic leopards, sometimes commonly called ‘Black Panthers’ are born in the same litter as normally marked cats and also carry the rosette markings, although these are masked by the darkness of the fur. It has been observed that the melantistic leopard is most generally found in the dense, wet forested areas of India and south east Asia, where the coloration advantages the cat in its hunting (Andrew Garman, 1997). The leopard is larger and less lanky than the cheetah but smaller than the jaguar. The leopard's black, irregular rosettes serve as camouflage. They are circular in East Africa but tend to be square-shaped in southern Africa (wikipedia, website). The leopard is an agile and stealthy predator. Although smaller than the other members of Panthera, the leopard is still able to take large prey given a massive skull that well utilizes powerful jaw muscles. Its body is comparatively long for a cat and its legs are short. The throat, chest, belly and insides of the limbs are white. The backs of the ears are black with a white central spot but there are various aberrant coat patterns (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). Head and body length is between 90 and 190 cm (35 and 75 in), the tail reaches 60 to 110 cm (24 to 43 in). Shoulder height is 45 to 80 cm (18-31 in). Males are considerably larger than females and weigh 37 to 90 kg (81 to 198 lbs) compared to 28 to 60 kg (62 to 132 lbs) for females (Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). 2.6) Reproduction: Leopards have no breeding season but to tend to mate in January and February. After matting, the pair splits up, with the female caring for the resulting cubs. Litters average two cubs, born blind with each weighing one and a half to two pounds, after a gestation period of 90 to 105 days. The coat of the leopard cub is wooly with spots much like the adult pattern, although the background color on the adult is more subdued. The cubs are weaned by the age of three months when they begin to accompany their mother on hunts. The whitish tip of the mother leopard's tail is held upright during forays throughout the habitat. This erect tail posture apparently provides the cubs with an eyelevel visual marker, helping them follow their mother through the tall grasses and shrubs. The cubs ultimately remain with their mother for 18 to 24 months when, they leave to establish territories of their own. The average life expectancy for a leopard in the wild is 15 to 20 years with captive individuals often exceeding 25 years. 2.7) Biology and Behaviour: The leopard is known for its ability in climbing, and it has been observed resting on tree branches during the day and descending from trees headfirst (Leopard Biology and Behaviour). It is a powerful swimmer, although, not as strong as some other big cats, such as the tiger. The leopard is also very agile, and can run over sixty kilometres an hour, leap over six metres and jump up to three metres vertically. The leopard is primarily a nocturnal creature, and many of its operations are done by night. However, there have been recorded instances of leopards hunting during the light, especially when the sky is overcast. It spends much of its day resting and sleeping, up in the branches of tress, underneath rocks or in the grass.

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2.8) Diet and hunting The type of prey taken by the leopard is dependant largely upon its locale - in the open grasslands of Africa where roaming herds of large to medium sized herbivores are common the leopard will take young eland and wildebeest, impala and gazelle. However in the same areas the leopard will also take small mammals such as hares and rock hyrax, reptiles and insects. In contrast, in the west and central forested regions of Africa the leopards prey consists mainly of the smaller antelope such as duiker, small monkeys and various rodents such as rats, squirrels and porcupines Although a strong and competent hunter the leopard is not without threat from other carnivores - because of this the leopard commonly caches its prey high in the boughs of trees away from packs of scavenging hyenas and opportunist lions. It is here that the leopard demonstrates its huge strength - its powerful limb and neck muscles enabling it to carry a fully grown male antelope or even young giraffe, often weighing up to three times its own body weight, high into the tree tops. Direct competition from other large cats such as the lion in Africa and tiger in tropical Asia is common although this is largely overcome by the leopards ability to hunt on a wider prey base than either of its two larger rivals. In Asia the leopard is also advantaged over the tiger by its ability to exist in areas without a plentiful water supply. In some areas where its habitat is close to that of humans the leopard has been known to hunt close to houses, preying on domestic animals, livestock and rodents (Andrew Garman, 1997). Within Pakistan where human disturbance is high, panthers may travel over a very extensive hunting territory, and depending upon food supply, may not remain more than two or three days in one locality (Roberts. T.J, 1997). Panthers will kill a variety of prey and do not spurn even snakes, lizards and small rodents. In Pakistan their preferred food varies according to the locality. In Baluchistan they prey on female and sub-adult Sind Ibex and Markhor. In the Kala Chitta Hills they prey on Urial, and in the forest regions of the Himalayas the Rhesus Monkey as well as domestic dogs are the main prey species. In regions where natural game is limited, panthers are notorious for attacking domestic livestock and in Pakistan they have been known to kill adult cows as well as calves, donkeys, ponies, goats and sheep. Swift fleeing animals may be knocked off balance by a blow with the forepaws, but are always finally overcome or killed by the panther gripping them in the region of the throat. The victim is subsequently pulled to the ground where it dies of suffocation, or even occasionally from a broken neck, since the panther does not release is hold until the victim is dead (Roberts. T.J, 1997). Although no other wild cat has such a wide spread range and diverse prey base as the leopard, it is still under threat in many regions. Once common in all parts of Africa apart from the deserts of the Sahara, it has now gone from most parts of northern Africa, apart from a few widespread areas of the Atlas Mountains and is scarce in the extreme west of the continent. Subspecies of the leopard once common in the Middle East, P.p.nimr and P.p.jarvisi are now all but extinct, as is the Persian leopard (P.p.saxicolor). In south East Asia and India its numbers have dwindled mainly due to hunting for its prized fur and through loss of natural habit due to the spread of the human population.

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CHAPTER 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

The intimate interspersion of people in protected areas often results in conflicts between humans and wild life (Rodgers 1989). Acquisition of food is a fundamental component of every organism’s existence (Harihar, 2005). The leopard hunts by stalking; taking prey opportunistically and hunting mostly at night especially in places where they have been persecuted by man (Nowell and Jackson, 1996; Edgaonkar and Chellam, 1998). Leopard being a generalist rather than a specialist can survive by feeding on large as well as medium to small sized prey in case of low prey availability. It can be an efficient scavenger and is not averse to preying upon domestic stock, a behaviour that brings it into direct conflict with humans (Bailey, 1993). Conflicts between humans and wildlife are escalating due to increasing human population, loss of natural habitats, and, in some regions, increasing wildlife population as a result of successful conservation programmes. (Rodgers 1989: Saberwal et al. 1994). Livestock, due to their reduced escape abilities compared to wild herbivores, become especially vulnerable to predation (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Asian leopards are rapidly losing their habitat and prey species so then they come in the interaction with human and livestock in search of food (Global Species Programme, WWF). As human population expand and encroach ever further into natural habitats, human and wild life are increasingly having to complete over living space and food. Asian big cats are suffering not only from significant habitat loss, but also from a decline in their species within the habitat that remains. As a result, cats are moving into more marginal areas searching for food, finding easy prey in domestic livestock and also attacking humans. Many communities in Asia are heavily dependent on their livestock for sustenance and income, and therefore when livestock predation occurs, cats are captured, killed in retaliation or actively persecuted to prevent similar events happening in the future. These killings are a significant threat to the survival of many Asian big cat species including common leopard, who are also at risk from more direct poaching for skins or other parts used in traditional Chinese medicines. (Global Species Programme, WWF). In many countries, conflict killing and the trade in Big cats parts go hand in hand, the bones and pelts of leopards killed primarily due to retaliation for livestock looses also enter illegal trade (Global Species Programme, WWF). Data substantiate the existence of depredation "hotspots", where high loss occurs, in some cases exceeding 14% to 20% of the livestock population over a short period. Losses varied seasonally, and from year to year. Small-bodied stock like goat and sheep were more vulnerable than large-bodied stock like yak, although horses were especially vulnerable. Factors most closely associated with predation included lack of guarding (or very lax supervision), especially during the daytime, and repeated use of pastures where livestock depredators were known to be actively hunting. Herders usually reacted to repeated depredation incidents by attempting to trap or shoot the suspected culprit until



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losses declined to an acceptable level. As large carnivore populations become increasingly fragmented and genetically isolated, new management strategies are urgently needed, especially within the buffer zones and intervening corridors between separated parks and reserves. People reside within nearly all Himalayan protected areas, and such issues as loss of livestock and competition between wildlife and livestock cannot be avoided. A plan is offered for alleviating livestock loss in the Annapurna Conservation Area that involves local institutions in decision-making (Rodney M. Jackson, 1996). Conflict between people and wildlife is a major issue in both wildlife conservation and rural development. In African rangelands, species such as African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) may kill livestock and are therefore themselves killed by local pastoralists. Such conflict has led to the extirpation of these species from many areas, and also impacts the livelihoods of local livestock farmers. To investigate the possibilities for coexistence of people, livestock, and large predators in community rangelands, we measured the effectiveness of traditional livestock husbandry in reducing depredation by wild carnivores, using a case–control approach. Different measures were effective against different predator species but, overall, the risk of predator attack by day was lowest for small herds, accompanied by herd dogs as well as human herders, grazing in open habitat. By night, the risk of attack was lowest for herds held in enclosures (‘bomas’) with dense walls, pierced by few gates, where both men and domestic dogs were present. Unexpectedly, the presence of scarecrows increased the risks of attack on bomas.( Dalerum, Fredrik 2008) Park-people conflict is a serious challenge undermining the integrity of protected areas in developing countries. Developing effective human-carnivore conflict mitigation strategies requires an understanding of the spatio-temporal conflict patterns and the species involved.(2008, International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management ) Most large carnivore species are in global decline. Conflict with local people, particularly over depredation on livestock, is a major cause of this decline, affecting both nominally protected populations and those outside protected areas. For this reason, techniques that can resolve conflicts between large carnivores and livestock farmers may make important contributions to conservation. When rates of livestock depredation by lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), and retributive killing of these species by farmers in livestock-producing areas of Laikipia District, Kenya are monitored. Farmers killed more lions, leopards, and spotted hyenas where these predators killed more livestock. Livestock husbandry had a clear effect on rates of depredation and hence on the numbers of predators killed. Cattle, sheep, and goats experienced the lowest predation rates when attentively herded by day and enclosed in traditional corrals (bomas) by night. Construction of the boma, the presence of watchdogs, and high levels of human activity around the boma were all associated with lower losses to predators(2003, vol. 17, no6, pp. 1521-1530 [10 page(s) (article)] (25 ref.)



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In Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra, India; it was reported that domestic dog comprised the major leopard prey with other wild and domestic prey species (Edgaonkar and Chellam, 1998; 2002). In many villages of india Goat and sheep are the major livestock killed by leopard. The total value of livestock losses at prevailing market rates is about Rs. 10 24 520 (US$ 29 272) in the study villages. Due to existing conservation policies and laxity in implementation of preventive measures, the problems for local inhabitants are increasing. (Rao, K.S. and Maikhuri, R.K. and Nautiyal, S. and Saxena, K.G. (2002). Most wild life protected areas in India support various forms of land use, such as agriculture, life grazing and collection of minor forest produce. Livestock grazing is especially widespread, and livestock holdings form an important component of the local pastoral and agricultural economy. (Korthari et al.1989) report live stock grazing in many as 73% wildlife sanctuaries and 39% national parks in India (of the 101 and 14 protected areas surveyed respectively n those categories), with livestock densities up to 1500 per km2 not surprisingly, livestock often greatly out number wild ungulates with in many protected areas. Such a disproportionate presence of wild and domestic ungulates results in killing of livestock by wild predators, and thereby a conflict of interests between local communities and wild life managers (Charudutt Mishra, 1997) The Amur leopard is particularly vulnerable in the Russian Far East, where farmers raise captive deer for human consumption and to produce antlers for the Asian medicine market. Deer are the natural predatory preference for leopards, and in absence of wild prey, leopards venture into the deer farms in search of food. Owners of these farms are quick to protect the investment by eliminating leopards attacking their stock. Presently, the Amur leopards most immediate threat comes from such retaliatory or preventive killing (Global Species Programme, WWF). In the Nepalese Himalaya, conflict with rural communities due to livestock predation to large carnivores like snow leopard, common leopard, wolf and wild dog has risen sharply in recent years. This increase is attributed to a number of factors, including implementation and enforcement of wildlife protection laws (which have permitted a recovery in carnivore numbers), the creation of protected areas (which serve as refuges from which predators can populate the surrounding area), the depletion of natural prey due to poaching and loss of habitat, and lax livestock herding practices. (Rodney M. Jackson, 1996) Common leopards, and so are other predators, have never been popular in Pakistan, especially with the community who loses their livestock to such predators. Although killing of leopards by the herder community is not uncommon, it has never been done openly. Legal cover, available to the common leopard for protection, and better implementation of the rules in some areas, has helped leopards re-appear and cover a wide range, including several settlements in the forested mountains of the NWFP. This is specially so in Gallies and Thandiani areas of Abbottabad district. Inspite of the damages to livestock, and retaliatory killings by farmers, the overall situation of leopard conservation stayed reasonably good till a leopard turned man eater in June 2005, killing 6 women in 10 days .



17

Name of place Date of incidence Women killed Qalandar Abad (Matial Ratia)

June 28, 2005 01

Thiandiani (Kala pani)

June 30, 2005 02

Beran gali (Kather)

July 4, 2005 01

Bakot (Molia)

July 5,2005 01

Singal Kot (Khan Sare)

July 7, 2005 01

This resulted in tremendous hue and cry on part of the community, with demands for the total elimination of leopards. Being supported by the political administration, and being genuine for the elimination of man-eater, the wildlife department, through police commandos, succeeded to trap a leopard, which was shot dead in the cage. Another was shot, apparently to satisfy the angry mob. Leopards have turned towards, and are dependent more on domestic livestock and poultry. In the absence of any viable policy to compensate farmers for the loss of their animals, the harder community is already intolerable of leopards around their villages. In the recent past (winter 05), 7 leopards



18

were killed by community in different parts of the Abbottabad Wildlife Division. This is in addition to the killings that might have done without being noticed or reported.( Ashiq Ahmad Khan, CTA, WWF-Pakistan).



19

CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1) Materials used for the study: 4.1.1) Use of GPS: GPS is used in the field for taking the GPS readings of those areas where leopard attacked on livestock. Through GPS readings of killing sites we made a map of our study area to show where leopard attacked on livestock. 4.1.2) Clinometers: Clinometers is used to find the slope and angle of terrain where leopard attacked on livestock i-e steep, gradual etc 4.1.3) Digital camera: The camera is used to take pictures of that crucial killing sites whether inside home or outside in grazing area. 4.2) Methodologies adopted for the study: 4.2.1) Collection of primary data: The studies area was 5 union councils of Galliat. The study area includes the target villages of these 5 union councils i-e Namlimera (UC Namlimera), Molia Morkandi, centre Bakot (UC Bakot), Touheedabad, Lassan, Kundla ( UC Nathiagali), Baghnakar ( UC Nagribala), Lahur kus (Birot). The interview schedule is prepared for the collection of primary data. 4.2.2) Survey method: The primary target group was the people whose livestock were affected due to leopard. a) Questionnaire survey: Keeping in view the objectives of the study, questionnaire was prepared through rigorous process of consultation with both external and internal supervisors and other key informants and researchers. The questionnaire was pre-tested to avoid duplicate responses as much as possible. Questionnaire consists of five parts.1st part of the questionnaire indicate questions on general information, 2nd part indicate questions on the livestock depredation, 3rd part on leopard behavior during attack, 4th part on habitat analysis of attack site, 5th part on past history. b) Structured interview: To collect comprehensive information interviews were carried through individual interviewee whose livestock were affected due to leopard from January 2008 to June 2008. c) Group discussion and in depth interview: Group discussion and in depth interview was held with concerned people at village level. These discussions were useful to get general and historical information about the leopard predation on livestock in these target areas. The discussion an in depth interview were based on semi structured interview.



20

d) Observation and participation: Interview and discussion was not enough to collect all necessary information, because sometime respondents don’t clearly respond to the question being asked. To get the broader and accurate information it is important to observe closely the herding practices of their livestock. e) Collection of secondary data: The institution is, directly or indirectly interacting with conservation and all necessary data was collected from the institution through discussion. The literature and information about leopard predation on livestock is obtained from WWF, Pak Forest Institute, Environmental Sciences Department library, and Wild life department Peshawar office.



21

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

In our study on leopard predation on livestock, our study area was 5 Union Councils of Galliat, District Abbottabad. We selected 10 Villages which were thought to be the target areas in which livestock depredation rate is higher than other areas. These targeted areas are Namlimera (UC Namlimera), Molia (UC Bakot), Morkandi (UC Bakot), Centre Bakot (UC Bakot), Touheedabad (UC Nathiagali), Kundla (UC Nathiagali), Kalapani (UC Nathiagali), Lassan (UC Nathiagali), Baghnakar (UC Nagribala) and Lahur kus (UC Birot). We collected data of livestock depredation from January to July 2008. During our field of these targeted villages, we interviewed 101 affectees. 5.1) General information: The occupation of the people in these villages are 20% driver , 30 % farmer , 20% shopkeeper, 10% labor , 15% government job and 15% private job. The average number of family member is 6 – 8. The major kinds of livestock in these villages are 70% goat, 20 % cow and 10 % buffalo whereas the average number of livestock per family is 3 – 5. 5.2) Vegetation: The major vegetation in village Namlimera is the pinus wallachiana and Abies pindrow. In village Molia the major vegetation includes pinus wallachiana and cedrus deodar. In village Morkandi pinus roxburgii and tali is the common vegetation. In centre Bakot the major vegetation is the pinus wallachiana and pinus roxburgii. In Touheedabad pinus wallachiana and abies pindrow is the dominant vegetation. In Lassan the major vegetation is pinus wallachiana and abies pindrow. In Kundla the common vegetation is pinus wallichiana, qurcus daliata, ulmus wallichiana. In Baghnakar pinus wallichiana, abies pindrow, rubinea phydocasia, roza masketta and indigofera atrantha is the common vegetation. From the above information it is clear that the dominant vegetation in study area is the pinus wallachiana with abies pindrow. 5.3) Total livestock killed: There are 182 total livestock killed due to leopard in these target villages from January to July 2008 in which maximum 36 (19.7 %), livestock are killed in Namlimera and there is no livestock killed in Kalapani. The major reason is that Kalapani village occurs near main road and average no of livestock in each house in Kalapani is comparatively minimum than other villages. No one has seen the leopard in Kalapani since last six months. The reason for maximum livestock killings in Namlimera and Touheedabad is that these villages are sorrouded by dense forest and leopard is sighting by people oftenly.



22

Livestock Depredation, 2008

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

namlim

eramoli

a

morkan

di

centr

e bak

ot

touhe

edab

ad

lassan

kund

la

kala

pani

bagh

naka

r

lahur k

us

villages

no. o

f liv

esto

ck k

illed

no. of livestock killed

Village No. of livestock killed

Namlimera 36 Molia 15 Morkandi 16 Centre Bakot 12 Touheedabad 35 Lassan 22 Kundla 17 Kalapani 0 Baghnakar 9 Lahur kus 20 Total 182



23

Livestock depradation, 2008

05

1015

2025

3035

40

nam

limer

a

mol

ia

mor

kand

i

cent

re b

akot

touh

eeda

bad

lass

an

kund

la

kala

pan

i

bagh

naka

r

lahu

r kus

villages

no

of li

vest

ock

kille

d

namlimera molia morkandi centre bakot touheedabadlassan kundla kala pani baghnakar lahur kus

5.4) Types of livestock killed: Goat was the common prey of leopard in these areas. In the total of 182 livestock killed due to leopard from last seven months, 175 (96.6 %) were goats, 5 (2.7 %) were buffaloes and only 2 (1 %) were cows. In the livestock, averages of 70% were goats in houses. The reason for maximum killing of goats is that most of the people leave the goats for grazing in the forest with out any herder and people bring them back to homes at late evening so there was no herder with the goats and thus they proved to be the easier prey for the leopard.


0

50

100

150

200

goats buffaloes cows

Type of livestock

No. o

f liv

esto

ck

Detail of the livestock killed in these villages is shown in the following graph.

Livestock killed

No of livestock

Goats 175 Buffaloes 5 Cows 2



24


05

10152025303540

nam

lem

era

mur

kand

i

c.ba

kot

mol

ia

touh

eeda

bad

lass

an

kund

la

lahu

rkus

bagh

nak

kar

Villages

No.

of k

illin

gs goat

buffaloe

cow

5.5) Age of livestock killed: Out of the total 182 livestock killings in year 2008 (jan-jul), maximum 69 (37 %) no of livestock killed in these villages at the age of 2-3 years and minimum is the 10 (5.4 %) livestock that were killed at the age of 0-1 years. The table and graph shows the detail of the ages of affected livestock.


01020304050607080

0-1 years 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years

Age

No.

of l

ives

tock

ki

lled

0-1 years 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years 5.6) Date and Time of the livestock killed: Maximum 34 (18.6 %) no. of livestock killed in the month of July and minimum 23 (12.6 %) killed in each February and April. The following table and graph shows the detail of the livestock killed in 7 months of 2008.

Age of livestock No of livestock

0-1 years 10

1-2 years 26 2-3 years 69

3-4 years 49

4-5 years 28



25

LivestockDepredation, 2008

05

10152025303540

january

febru

arymarc

hap

rilmay

junejuly

Months

No.

of l

ives

tock

ki

lled

january february march april may june july

Maximum 60 (32.9 %) of the livestock killed in most of the area at 9 AM – 12 PM and minimum 7 (3.8 %) of the livestock killed at early morning time at 6 AM – 9 AM. While at night time from 9PM- 12 AM, 33 (18.1 %) livestock are killed which is the second highest no. These night killings are mostly occurred inside home where the correl was not fully secured and no lighting was done in front of correls.

Livestock depredation, 2008

0102030

40506070

6 A

M- 9

Am

9 A

M -1

2PM

12 P

M -3

PM 3PM

-6PM

6 PM

-9PM 9P

M -

12A

M

Time

No.

of l

ives

tock

ki

lled

6 AM- 9 Am 9 AM -12 PM 12 PM -3 PM3PM-6 PM 6 PM -9 PM 9PM - 12AM

5.7) Nearest forest from attacking site: Maximum killings of about 81 (44.5 %) of the livestock occurred at a distance of 100-500m from the nearest forest. 57 (31.3 %) killings occurred at a distance of 0-100m from the forest, 37 (20.3 %) killings occurred at a distance of 500-1000m and 9 (4.9 %) livestock were killed at a distance of about more than 1 km. This shows that maximum livestock killings took place near forest.

Month

no of livestock killed

January 31 February 23 March 24 April 21 May 25 June 24 July 34

Time

No. of livestock killed

6 AM- 9 Am 7 9 AM -12 PM 60 12 PM -3 PM 27 3PM-6 PM 23 6 PM -9 PM 32 9PM - 12AM 33



26


0102030405060708090

0-100m 100-500m 500-1000m >1kmDistance from nearest forest

No.

of l

ives

tock

ki

lled

0-100m 100-500m 500-1000m >1km 5.8) Terrain: Mostly 95 (52.1) cases occurred in steep terrain, 83 (45.6 %) in gradual and 3 (1.6 %) in a flat area. While only 1 (0.5 %) livestock killed in the valley. The high rate at steep and gradual terrain shows that killings of livestock due to leopard are at hilly areas which are covered by forest.

Livestock Depredation- 2008

0

20

40

60

80

100

Steep Gradual Flat Valley

Terrain

No.

of l

ives

tock

ki

lled

Steep Gradual Flat Valley

5.9) Nearest forest compartment from attacking site: Maximum 147 (80.7 %) killings of the livestock occurred near Reserve forest, 26 (14.2 %) livestock killed near Guzara forest and only 9 (4.9 %) killed in a private land.

Nearest forest from attacking site

No of killings of livestock

0-100m 57

100-500m 81

500-1000m 37

>1km 9

Terrain No. of livestock killed

Steep 95

Gradual 83 Flat 3 Valley 1



27

livestock depredation 2008

0

50

100

150

200

reserve forest guzara forest private landForest Compartment

No.

of l

ives

tock

kill

ed

reserve forest guzara forest private land

5.10) Attack occurred inside home: Some livestock also killed inside home in some villages. In each village Touheedabad, Namlimera and centre Bakot 3 livestock killed inside home, in Molia and Morkandi 2 livestock killed inside home, in Baghnakar and Lassan 1 case occurred inside home while there is no livestock killed inside home in Kundla and Lahur kus. Total 15 (8.2 %) were livestock killed inside home in these target villages. 5.11) Eye witness: People also saw the leopard in their villages in the Fist seven months of 2008. Maximum 4 people saw the leopard in each namlimera, murkandi and lahurkus while there is no leopard seen by people in kalapani from last 7 months. People saw the leopard at night time or at early morning time

LivestockDepredation, 2008

0123

456

namlimeramolia

morkandi

centre bakot

touheedabadlassan

kundla

kala pani

baghnakar

lahur kus

Village

No.

of e

ye w

itnes

s

namlimera molia morkandi centre bakottouheedabad lassan kundla kala panibaghnakar lahur kus

5.12) Trend in livestock depredation:

Nearest forest compartment from attacking site

No of livestock killed

reserve forest 147

guzara forest 26

private land 9

Village Eye witness

Namlimera 4 Molia 1 Morkandi 4 centre Bakot 3 Touheedabad 3 Lassan 2 Kundla 3 Kalapani 0 Baghnakar 2 Lahur kus 4



28

When comparing the livestock depredation data of Year 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 (Jan-Jul), it is clear that 275 livestock killings took place in the year 2005, 145 in 2006, 115 in 2007 and 182 livestock are killed in 2008 but this data is from Jan to Jul. So the livestock depredation rate was higher in 2005, it decreases in 2006 and 2007 but in 2008 it is increased. This is may be due to the reason that livestock population is increased in 2008.

Trend in Livestock Depredation

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

200,5 200,6 200,7 200,8

Years

No. o

f liv

esto

ck k

illed

200,5 200,6 200,7 200,8 5.13) Any significant land mark near attacking site: In village Namlimera, 9 livestock were killed near stream while 2 killed near road, there is no livestock killed near river. In village Molia, 4 livestock were killed near stream and 2 livestock killed near river. In Morkandi only 1 livestock were killed near stream while 6 cases occurred near river Jhelum. No livestock killed near road. In centre Bakot, 6 cases occurred near stream while only 1 livestock killed near river. In Touheedabad, 9 livestock were killed near stream, 4 cases occurred near river and 4 cases near kacha road. In village Lassan, 7 livestock killed near stream while no case occurred near river and road. In Kundla only 1 livestock killed near stream and no case occurred near river or road. In Baghnakar 6 livestock were killed near stream and also no livestock killed near road and river bed. In village Lahur kus maximum 17 livestock were killed near stream but no livestock killed near river or road. From the above results, total 60 (32.9 %) livestock killed near stream, 13 (7.1 %) livestock killed near river while only 6 (3.2) % livestock killed near road. 5.14) GIS Based Maps: From the comparision of maps of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the most affected areas where livestock depredation rate is higher are Touheedabad, Lassan, Kundla, Lahur kus and Bakot.

Years Livestock Killed

200,5 275 200,6 145 200,7 115

200,8 182



29

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION:

Trend in livestock depredation shows variation, it was higher in year 2005 and when 6 killings of human took place, the human leopard conflict reaches to peak. Common leopard conservation project was started by WWF, with efforts and trainings given to community of this area, livestock depredation decreases in year 2006 and 2007. But in 2008, livestock depredation rate again increases due to the reason that people again become careful about grazing their livestock. Mostly killings of livestock occurred when there was no herder with herd. But the killings of livestock also occurred inside home but in these cases correl was secured and in some cases leopard broke the fens/ correl doors and killed livestock. These killings inside home were at night times. Goat was appeared to be the main prey because it is grazed in pastures and these pastures and grazing areas are within to the forest. Only 5-10 % livestock are killed due to the disease and its ratio is smaller than the killing of livestock due to leopard. It is concluded that natural prey specie of leopard decreases in forest so therefore it start moving towards community areas in search of its prey. Also leopard attacks on livestock near stream and river beds are due to the fact that leopard may come for water and there it find its easy prey. The retaliatory killing of the common leopard is almost negligible but it can start unless compensation scheme should be implemented in the targeted areas.



30

CHAPTER 7

• Making corrals fully secured and use of light in front of corrals at night time to safeguard livestock from leopard attacks

RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Awareness should be bring in community about leopard • Giving training to people, mainly women that how they can use preventive measures

to reduce direct killings of their livestock • Proper vaccination of livestock in the areas to reduce the death rate due to disease • Proper Herding practices and presence of herder with the herd can decrease livestock

killings • Introduction of pry species of common leopard in the forest can reduce the livestock

killings • Establishment of insurance scheme in the targeted villages and involvement of

community in the scheme so that people get compensation for their loss and this will reduce retaliatory killings of common leopard

• Establishment of Compensation scheme with the help of wild life department in the targeted areas to compensate people for their loss

• Community should be awared about the importance of the leopard, its ecological role • Seminars and training workshops of community level in the target areas in which

safety measures for their property are explained could decrease direct killings of livestock from leopard

• Bringing awareness among students and teachers because they can share the knowledge about the leopard easily with the community

• Launch awareness programs and campaigns through electronic media about the importance of leopard and its ecological role

• Distributing pamphlets carrying the message of safety measures and correct herding practices to reduce leopard predation on livestock

• Involvement and interest of Government organiszations and NGOs in this human-leopard conflict issue



31

REFERENCES:

• Nazneen, S. and Hamayun, A. (2005-06). Fuel wood collection and consumption attitude in relation to the conservation of forest in Galliat, District Abbotabad. MSc Thesis report, University of Peshawar N.W.F.P, Pakistan.

• Khan, M.I. (1983-84 to 1992-93) Revised working plan for the Galis Forests of District Abbottabad.

• Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. 1996. Wild cats; status survey and conservation Plan, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland

• Kitchener, A. 1991 The Natural History of the Wild Cats. Ithica, New York:

Comstock Publishing Associates

• Hemmer H 1976 Fossil History of Living Felidae. In: The World’s Cat (ed. Eaton RL), pp. 1–14. Carnivore Research Institute, Burke Museum, Seattle.

• Johnsingh, A.J.T., Panwar, H.S., Rodgers, W.A., 1991. Ecology and

conservation of large felids in India. In: N. Maruyama et al. (Eds.), Wildlife conservation: present trends and perspectives for the 21st century. Proceedings of the International Symposium on wildlife conservation in Tsukuba and Yokohama, Japan, 21–25, August 1990, pp.160–166.

• Khan, M. A. R., 1986. Wildlife of Bangladesh mangrove ecosystem. Journal of

the Bombay Natural History Society 83: 32–48.

• Myres, N. 1976. The leopard Panthera pardus in Africa. IUCN Monograph No. 5. Pp:79

• Roberts, T.J. 1997. Mammals of Pakistan

• Edgaonkar, A. and Chellam, R. (1998). A preliminary study on the ecology of

the leopard, panthera pardus fusca in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra.

• Edgaonkar, A. and Chellam, R. (2002). Food habit of the leopard, panthera pardus, in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra, India, Mammalia, t.66, n*3, 2002:353-360

• Bailey, T.N. (1993). The African Leopard: Ecology and behaviour of a solitary

felid. Columbia University Press, New York.

• Harihar, A. (2005). Population, Food habits and Prey Densities of Tiger in Chilla Range, Rajaji National Park, Uttaranchal, India.

• Mishra, C. (1997). “Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the India trans-

Himalaya”; conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Pub. Environmental conservation; 24(4); 338-343



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• Jackson, R.M. (1996). “Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese

Himalaya”. Pub. Univ. of Calif. Davis

• Global Species Program, WWF-International, review; Solving conflicts between Asian big cats and humans; a portfolio of conservation action.

• Waseem. M, (2005), Tourism and solid waste problem around Ayubia

National Park, District Abbottabad, Int. conf. tourism in PAs, India. • “State of the environment and development of District Abbottabad”, IUCN

(District Conservation Strategy).

• Distribution and status of wildlife of NWFP, Pakistan, (1997).

• Six monthly progress report, December, 2005 & 2006, Investigate human-leopard conflict in Galliat and contiguous to Margalla and Abbottabad, WWF-Pakistan,



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