interpretation galaxy of marconi l 8 ing. jiří Šnajdar 2013

Interpretation Galaxy of Marconi

L 8

Ing. Jiří Šnajdar 2013

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Radio is a telecommunication device for one way transmission of the sound on distance.

As transmission medium are used most often high-frequency electromagnetic (radio) waves, but are also used metallic lines (local radio, wire radio). Currently the radio broadcasts also with help of internet and from satellites.

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In the 2nd half of the 19th century was the communication sphere in motion (1844 – Morseus device telegraph, 1866 is put into operation undersea cable between America and Europe etc.).

New communication mean used the next tens of years get practically from the beginning strong competition – wireless sound transmission by electromagnetic waves.

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On devices work many physicists, Scot J. C. Maxwell, German H. R. Hertz, Serb N. Tesla, Russian A. S. Popov and the most competent in business Italian Guglielmo Marconi, who demonstrate at the turn of 19th and 20th century successfully long-distance transmitting and reception of radio waves.

It was such an important act, that a quarter of century later the radio waves mastered the whole world.

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Marconi’s 1909 Noble Prize in physics.

This important international moment offers an occasion to reassess and revisit Marconi’s inventions at the dawn of a new wireless era of the Internet and mobile computing devices. In the past hundred years, we have moved from the presence of analogue-based stationary transmitters and receivers to the use of mobile digital devices – from a broadcasting model predicated on the movement of information from one to many to new modes of communication that are many to many and highly interactive.

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These reverberations were set into motion with Marconi's single 'click' created by an electromagnetic impulse first received in St John’s, Newfoundland. Today, these same impulses are capable of transmitting sound and moving images in real time from 'terra firma' to satellites circling the earth.

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It is precisely these reverberations, impulses and interactions that our research team seeks to investigate, interrogate and harness creatively for both exhibitions and academic purposes. For these reasons the project collaborators have chosen to with the metaphoric trajectory dubbed by Marshall McLuhan – the “Marconi Galaxy.”

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The first radio programme in the world was broadcasting from Metropolitan opera in New York in the year 1910 and the United States became worldwide pioneers in mass spreading of radio. Ten years later in Pittsburg in the USA starts the first broadcasting with regular programme and in the same year are by radio announced also results of president´s vote.

In the USA was for the first time realised selling of broadcasting time – 10 minutes for real estate company for radio advertisement. From the year 1927 was assigning of radio waves regulated by law.

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In The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad, an employee for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsbur Pennsylvania garage with the call letters 8XK.

Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America.

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The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license; advertisements did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election.

The Montreal station that became CFCF began broadcast programming on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.

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In 1920 wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford, was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on 15 June 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The BBC was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world.

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In Europe is the first regularly broadcasting station the English BBC (from the year 1922)

Here is the first try dated 28th October 1918 on the occasion of formation of the Czech Republic. In the year 1923 got “Radiozurnal” – Czech Radio concession for regular broadcasting and one year later moved the radio to Vinohradska Street In the year 1925 were first direct broadcastings, but fees did not suffice to cover the expenses and so became state the owner.

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1929 – starts broadcasting of time signal, regular news, radio performance, is grounded orchestra of Czech Radio (today Symphony Orchestra CR). Develop studios in Brno, Bratislava, Ostrava and Kosice – thirtieth years are characterised as golden age of radio. From the year 1936 broadcasts radio also on short waves.

Occupation – submitting to protectoral authorities. For listening of foreign radio threatened death, all radio receivers were registered. The foreign revolt approached the listeners in Protectorate by broadcasting form London (BBC – Jan Masaryk), from Moscow and from the USA on Voice of America (Voskovec and Werich).

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5. 5. 1945 started by radio proclamation Prague Uprising and fight for Czechoslovak radio (for Czech public it was a symbolic event of fight for freedom and democracy).

After the year 1948 was the radio nationalised, censored and centrally managed up to the year 1990.

1948 in Prague international radio exhibition MEVRO – showed first Czechoslovak television

1953 starts to broadcast TV, until 1957 is a part of Czech radio (CR)

60th - FM broadcasting 60-80 MHz – Czechoslovakia II

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Prague Spring – time period of expansion in the society and also in radio ended the occupation of the Czechoslovakia by soldieries of Warsaw Pact on 21st August 1968. The radio was occupied by soldieries, in front of its house was fighting again, 15 people died.

The radio was again immediate centre of process, few days broadcasted impromptu from some workplaces and tried to inform objectively.

After occupation was established normalisation, which meant leaving of some quality employees (Vaculík, Škutina, Dientsbier).

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1988 finished disturbance of foreign stations

1990 CR becomes a member of European Broadcasting Union EBU

1991 public institution, 1. 1. 1993 Czech Radio (Radiozurnal ) - Advice -music-news, Prague-family station educational and entertainment programmes, Vltava-literature and classic music)

1995 CR 6 Radio Free Europe, later CR 6

2000 exist 77 on itself independent stations mainly private, associated except Czech Radio in agencies of Media Marketing Services and Regie Radio Music.

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International broadcasting is broadcasting that is deliberately aimed at a foreign, rather than a domestic, audience. It usually is broadcast by means of long wave, medium wave, or short wave radio, but in recent years has also used direct satellite broadcasting and the internet as means of reaching audiences.

Although radio and television programs do travel outside national borders, in many cases reception by foreigners is accidental. However, for purposes of propaganda, transmitting religious beliefs, keeping in touch with colonies or expatriates, education, improving trade, increasing national prestige, or promoting tourism and goodwill, broadcasting services have operated external services since the 1920s.

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FM and television start

History of television

In 1933, FM radio was patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong. FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to reduce static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere. In 1937, W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

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FM in Europe

After World War II, the FM radio broadcast was introduced in Germany. In 1948, a new wavelength plan was set up for Europe at a meeting in Copenhagen.

Because of the recent war, Germany (which did not exist as a state and so was not invited) was only given a small number of medium-wave frequencies, which are not very good for broadcasting.

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For this reason Germany began broadcasting on UKW ("Ultrakurzwelle", i.e. ultra short wave, nowadays called VHF) which was not covered by the Copenhagen plan. After some amplitude modulation experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM. Because of this history FM Radio is still referred to as "UKW Radio" in Germany.

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Other European nations followed a bit later, when the superior sound quality of FM and the ability to run many more local stations because of the more limited range of VHF broadcasts were realized.

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The radio can be characterised as communication media dominating in the mass communication of the first half of the 20th century. In the second half starts to dominate its sister – television.

In the year 1843 formulated the Scot watchmaker Alexander Bain three principles of picture transmission on long distance :

1. Picture scanning on lines and point,

2. Light points must be transferred on electrical impulses and contrary,

3. Scanning and compounding must run in synchronisation

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Paul Nipkow discovered in the year 1883 electrical telescope – principle of mechanical picture scanning on light points with help of rotating disc (point composed in spiral) – beginning of mechanical system of transmission (showed on the world exhibition in Paris in 1900).

In the year 1897 discovered Ferdinand Braun cathode ray oscillograph (future camera tube). Braun and Marconi got in the year 1909 the Nobel price for physics.

In the year 1923 discovered Kosma Zworykin the camera tube – iconoscope of receiving tube.

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In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube (or "Braun" tube, after its inventor, Karl Braun) as both a transmitting and receiving device, apparently the first iteration of the electronic television method that would dominate the field until recently.

He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society.

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First television company Television Ltd. Established in the year 1925 John Baird 1925.

In the year 1926 showed to members of Royal Institute a mechanical television. But this mechanical system was unreliable, because it required high speed of disc rotation and had low quality.

In the 30th years of the 20th century gets the dominance electronic principle. In England, Soviet Union, USA, France and Germany proceed first experimental TV broadcastings.

On the 2nd November 1936 regularly starts to broadcast BBC (for 300 TV owners. Arisen new mean of mass communication.

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Television or TV set is name of end device for reception of television broadcasting, on which people watch the television broadcasting.

Previously was used in televisions only classical television screen on the base of cathode tubes (CRT), today are more often used LCD (fluid crystals) and plasma screens or LED screens. The newest so called "3D television" can display also films in three dimensions.

Integral part of each television receiver is sound unit.

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First tries at television broadcasting in Czechoslovakia are already dated before the 2nd world war. In the year 1935 doc. Safránek (physical institute UK Prague) showed receiving apparatus (had 30 lines and worked on principle of mechanical scanning). Further development proceeded in Televid, established by Germans during occupation by Tanvald.

At the International radio exhibition (MEVRO) is in the year 1948 presented total camera chain in electronic system. It begins to produce the television receiver Tesla. In the same year was the first direct broadcasting from „Sokol“ rally.

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On 1st May 1953 starts first regular probationary public broadcasting from the studio in Měšťanská Beseda (house in Prague Vladislavova street, from where broadcasted in the 90th TV Nova). Studios are also in Brno, Ostrava, Bratislava and Kosice. In September 1961 is already 1 million of concession owners.

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In the year 1966 started first television advertisement broadcasting, 1970 starts to broadcast second programme, 1973 starts colour broadcasting. In the year 1978 exceeded the number of reported television receivers in Czechoslovakia 4 million.

In the year 1970 is handed over the first phase of construction Kavci Mountains – construction continues until end of the 70th, in the same year is put into operation the studio Mill Valley in Bratislava.

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From the year 1967 was on CZTV regularly broadcasted advertisement, presented by signature tune Mr. Egg (animator Eduard Hofman), until 1989 is emitted over 500 scenes. The first live advertisement for the company Pramen - Source presented P. Filipovská.

From the 50th was television as the most powerful propagandistic tool in subjection of Central Committee - Communist Party, with break in the year 1968.

Normalisation strengthening of attitudes was the same as in radio, accompanied with similar exodus (Pelikán, Kantůrek, Moučková and others), continued also over perestroika until end the year 1989.

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In the hectic time at the beginning of the 90th arisen 3rd programme OK 3, SNR establishes Slovak television and the federal programme F1 lapsed. At the end of the 20th century are established next channels T 24 and TV Sport. Arise also commercial televisions national and regional, the most significant are Nova, Prima and now also Barandov.

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Recently was the basic way of signal transmission analogue broadcasting, at present is almost the 100 percent of the Czech republic covered by digital broadcasting DVB. Among its advantages belongs high quality of transmitted picture, large number of channels and other data flows (service programmes) with several language mutations and coding possibilities. It is also used for surface wireless reception and satellite reception.

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Dual system of broadcasting

Public television and radio broadcasting (CZRO – CZTV). Stations paid from concessionaire charges, in less amount from business activities (selling of programmes, hire of furnishings and appliances) and form advertisement (since 11.11.2011 only CZT2 and CZT4).

Fulfilment of public services follows Council for Czech Radio and Council for Czech TV. Its most important competency is to vote and withdraw the director general.

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Operation of commercial television carry on private subjects and financed from advertisement. Licence for broadcasting awards and takes away The Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting, its members are voted by The Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament.

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In 1960 Sony introduced their first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for picture tubes and very high power or very high frequency uses.

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Color television and digital

1953: NTSC compatible color television introduced in the US.

1962: Telstar 1, the first communications satellite, relayed the first publicly available live transatlantic television signal.

Late 1960s: The US long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing digital radios for many of its links.

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1970s: LORAN became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the US Navy experimented with satellite navigation.

1987: The GPS constellation of satellites was launched.

Early 1990s: Amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals.

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1994: The US Army and DARPA launched an aggressive successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software.

Late 1990s: Digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting.

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Telex on radio

Telegraphy did not go away on radio. Instead, the degree of automation increased. On land-lines in the 1930s, teletypewriters automated encoding, and were adapted to pulse-code dialing to automate routing, a service called telex. For thirty years, telex was the absolute cheapest form of long-distance communication, because up to 25 telex channels could occupy the same bandwidth as one voice channel. For business and government, it was an advantage that telex directly produced written documents.

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Mobile phones

History of mobile phones

In 1947 AT&T commercialized the Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis in 1946, AT&T then introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30 000 calls each week. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.

interpretation galaxy of marconi l 8 ing. jiří Šnajdar 2013

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