intersect(ing) variables - york u
TRANSCRIPT
(ING):VariationinFinalConsonant
• Variablerealizationasvelar[ŋ]oralveolar[n]• Wellstudiedinbothproduction(e.g.Fischer1958;Labov 1966;Trudgill 1974….)andperception(e.g.Campbell-Kibler 2009…)
• Historicalconvergence(Houston1985;Labov 1989):• Verbalnoun–inge/ynge >-ing• Participle–inde >-ind >-in
• Velarvariantahypercorrectionorspellingpronunciation(Wells1982)?
• OccursinallvarietiesofEnglish• Socialconstraints(socialclass,sex/gender,ethnicity…)• Stylisticconstraints• Linguisticconstraints(phonologicalcontext,grammaticalstatus)
(ING):VariationintheVowel?
• CanadianEnglish:• Vancouver(Gregg1974/1992)
[ɪŋ],[in],[ɪn],[ən],[n],[iŋ]
• Ottawa(Woods1979/1999)[ɪŋ],[in],[ən] 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
MultipleChoice
WordList Visual-Aural ReadingPassage
[-ɪŋ]
[-in]
[-ɪn]
[-ən]
[-Øn]
[-iŋ]
(ING):VariationintheVowel?
• Does(ING)havetwovariants,orthree?(ormore?)(e.g.Rosen2015;Rosen,Ankutowicz &D’Arcy2016)
• Arethetense-vowelvariantsontheriseinCanadianEnglish?(e.g.Chambers2009)
• Isthevowelvariationavailableforsocialevaluation?
StratificationofInformantsbyEthnicOrigin,GenerationandSex
EthnicOrigin:
British/Irish Chinese Filipino Greek Italian Jewish Korean Portuguese Punjabi
Gen:F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M
1st 8 6 5 4 5 2 4 2 6 4 0 2 1 0 5 1 4 3
2nd/3rd 6 6 11 11 7 9 1 3 10 8 0 1 1 1 4 2 13 13
Total: 14 12 16 15 12 11 5 5 16 12 0 3 2 1 9 3 17 16
EthnicityTotal: 26 31 23 10 28 3 3 12 33
GrandTotal: 169
(AsofJuly31,2017)
ExtractingandCoding(ING)
• VariableContext• Word-finalunstressed-ing
• SocialFactors• Speaker• Ethnicbackground• Generation• Sex/gender
• LinguisticFactors• Grammaticalstatus
• Verb,Noun,Adjective,-thing,Preposition
• Consonant• Velar[ŋ]vs.Apical[n]• (“stopped”velar[ŋk],[ŋg])
• Vowel• Lax[ɪ]vs.Tense[i]
Inter-coderreliability>90%
Inter-coderreliability<90%
speak[in]
think[iŋ]
shin[iŋg]
ExtractingTokens
• ForcedalignmentwithFAVE(Rosenfelder etal.2011)• Force-alignssegmentsintranscriptionwithwave-forminsoundfile• ProducesTextGrid
CodingTokens
• UsingFAVE-Extract• ExtractsandmeasuresvowelformantsusingTextGrid andsoundfile• Normalises tokensusingLobanov method• Locatesunstressedfinal–ing andtakemeasurementat50%point
InformantsCodedfor(ING)
EthnicOrigin:
British/Irish Chinese Filipino Greek Italian Jewish Korean Portuguese Punjabi
Gen:F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M
1st 8 6 5 4 2 3 6 3 5 1 1 1
2nd/3rd 6 6 11 10 1 3 9 8 4 2 10 11
Total: 14 12 16 14 3 6 15 11 9 3 11 12
EthnicityTotal: 26 30 9 26 12 23
GrandTotal: 126 8,910tokens
(AsofJuly31,2017)
InformantsConsideredinthisStudy
EthnicOrigin:
British/Irish Chinese Filipino Greek Italian Jewish Korean Portuguese Punjabi
Gen:F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M
1st 8 6
2nd/3rd 6 6 11 10 1 3 9 8 4 2 10 11
Total: 14 12 11 10 1 3 9 8 4 2 10 11
EthnicityTotal: 26 21 4 17 6 21
GrandTotal: 85 7,004tokens
OverallDistributionof(ING)Tokens
• PlottedwithRpackagephonR(McCloy2016)• Highdegreeofoverlap!
Butnotcomplete overlapofmeansorstandarddeviations!
Mixed-effectslinearregressionwithRbrul(Johnson2009)• Dependentvariable:• Lobanov-normalised F1valueofvowel:lowervalue=highervowel
• Independentvariables:• Speaker(random)• Ethnicity(+Generation)• Sex• Word(random)• Placeofsegmentpreceding(ING)(vowel,labial,alveolar,palatal,velar)• Placeofsegmentfollowingvowel(alveolarorvelar)• Grammaticalstatus(noun,verb,adjective,preposition,-thing)
Testforinteraction
Mixed-effectslinearregressionwithRbrul(Johnson2009)
BESTMODEL:Speaker[random],Word[random],PrecedingPlace(p =3.63x10-26),Ethnicity(+Generation)x FollowingPlace(p =0.000132),Sexx FollowingPlace(p =0.0144),GrammaticalStatus(p =0.0209)
1.PrecedingPlace
Vowel 41.177
Liquid 21.983
Alveolar -3.032
Labial -8.014
Palatal -18.208
Velar -33.706
2.EthnicBackground(+ Generation)x FollowingPlaceBritish/Irish(older)xalveolar 16.765
Greek(G2)xvelar 11.744
Chinese(G2)xvelar 4.201
Italian(G2)xvelar 4.145
British/Irish (younger)xalveolar 3.893
Punjabi (G2)xvelar 1.578
Portuguese(G2)xalveolar 1.012
Portuguese(G2)xvelar -1.012
Punjabi (G2)xalveolar -1.578
British/Irish (younger)xvelar -3.893
Italian(G2)xalveolar -4.145
Chinese(G2)xalveolar -4.201
Greek (G2)xalveolar -11.744
British/Irish(older)xvelar -16.765
Mixed-effectslinearregressionwithRbrul(Johnson2009)3.Sex x FollowingPlace
FemalexVelar 3.455
MalexAlveolar 3.455
FemalexAlveolar -3.455
MalexVelar -3.455
4.GrammaticalStatus
Preposition 17.535
-thing 12.700
Adjective -4.197
Noun -12.174
Verb -13.863
BESTMODEL:Speaker[random],Word[random],PrecedingPlace(p =3.63x10-26),Ethnicity(+Generation)x FollowingPlace(p =0.000132),Sexx FollowingPlace(p =0.0144),GrammaticalStatus(p =0.0209)
Conclusions
• Does(ING)havemorethantwovariants?• Betterviewedasco-variationbetweenthevowel([ə]⟷ [ɪ]⟷ [i])andtheconsonant([ŋ]~[n])
• Linguisticconditioning;• Precedingpalatal/velarà highervowel• Preposition/-thingà lowervowel
• Socialconditioning• [in]favouredbywomen,[iŋ]favouredbymen• SplitbetweenBritish/Irishspeakersandotherethnicgroups
• Arethetense-vowelvariantsuniquetoCanadianEnglish?(Ifso,why??)• Vowelin(ING)hasn’treceivedmuchattentioninothervarietiesofEnglish(AFAIK)• Placeoffollowingconsonantmayinfluenceperceptionofprecedingvowel• Morestudies!
Thaŋk you!
Special thaŋks to Mélissa Boisson, Gabrielle Lafortune and Yvette Freake!
ありがとうございました!
Generouslysupportedby:
Mixed-effectslinearregressionofF2withRbrul (Johnson2009)
BESTMODEL:Speaker[random],Word[random],PrecedingPlace(p =1.01x10-10),Ethnicity+Generationx FollowingPlace(p =0.000441),Sexx FollowingPlace(p =0.00821)
1.PrecedingPlace
Velar 91.341
Palatal 87.483
Alveolar 25.099
Labial -3.687
Vowel -82.728
Liquid -117.508
2.EthnicBackground(+ Generation)x FollowingPlaceBritish/Irish(younger)xvelar 40.292
Chinese(G2)xalveolar 38.632
Italian(G2)xalveolar 32.830
Portuguese(G2)xvelar 21.750
British/Irish (older)xalveolar 19.329
Greek(G2)xvelar 18.999
Punjabi(G2)xvelar 9.750
Punjabi(G2)xalveolar -9.750
Greek(G2)xalveolar -18.999
British/Irish (older)xvelar -19.329
Portuguese (G2)xalveolar -21.751
Italian(G2)xvelar -32.830
Chinese(G2)xvelar -38.632
British/Irish(older)xvelar -40.292
3.Sex x FollowingPlace
FemalexAlveolar 15.283
MalexVelar 15.283
FemalexVelar -15.283
MalexAlveolar -15.283