intertek becx & building enclosure design - 2016.05.19 csi richmond

Keith P. Nelson, AIASenior Project Architect

May 19, 2016

Building Enclosure

Commissioning (BECx)

Provider: Intertek

Provider Number: 404108121

Course Number:

2

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product._______________________________________

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Copyright Materials

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This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written

permission of the speaker is prohibited.

© Intertek 2016

Course Description

While commissioning of many building systems has been around for many years, Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx) is relatively newer to the design and construction industries. This presentation will provide a primer on the practice of BECx and its benefits with real world case studies and then dive further into the various approaches as defined by industry standards and code.

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Learning Objectives

Upon completing the course participants will be able to:

1. Describe the general function and performance requirements of the building enclosure

2. Describe the process of BECx with an understanding of the potential value the process may bring to a project;

3. Describe the various stages of BECx and the deliverables typically produced;

4. Identify the various codes and standards bodies that have incorporated BECx into them; and

5. Identify and discuss the differences between the application of BECx in the various standards and model codes.

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Audience Survey.

2016 CSI Richmond Product Show

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What is the Building

Enclosure?


What is the Building Enclosure?

Shelter

Security / Safety

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Aesthetics

Performance

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Durable / Maintainable

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Serviceable / Functional

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The primary function of the building enclosure is to separate the interior environment from the exterior environment usually including the following components:

• Roof• Above grade walls• Fenestration• Below grade walls• Base or Exposed Floor Systems

Enclosures may also include the separation between interior spaces. The building enclosure may contain, but is not the same as, the “Building Thermal Envelope” as defined by the IECC.


13 ASHRAE 90.1-2013


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Why do we care?

• Often overlooked / under-appreciated

• VE process• Lawsuits

• Completely “functional”• Comfort (temperature,

noise, etc.)• Health• Environment / Energy

Usage ($$)• Life cycle / maintenance

costs• Safety (fire, impact,

blast, etc.)• Aesthetics

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Historic Building Enclosure

• Simpler building systems

• Fewer layers

• Master tradesmen

• Apprenticeship training

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Today’s Building Enclosure

• Complex building materials

• Depleted number of Master Tradesmen

• Multi-layer construction / multiple trades

• Thinner construction

• Limited on-the-job training

• Higher expectations

• Schedule Critical

• Cost Sensitive

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www.wbdg.org

Today’s Building Enclosure

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BECx

TestingCalibrationMock-upIAQRoofingGlazingFaçadeWaterproofingMaterial Properties

Thermal Structural SolarSafety SystemsDurabilityFireAcousticsBlastWater / Air

Sub-Discipline Specific Cx

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Performance Categories

• Air leakage

• Pressure equalization

• Water penetration

• Moisture permeance

• Thermal

• Condensation resistance

• Acoustic

• Solar/optical

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• Wind load

• Security

• Forced entry

• Impact

• Blast

• Vibration

• Durability

Hygrothermal Analysis

The study of a system involving coupled heat and moisture transfer. The purpose of hygrothermal analysis is usually to provide sufficient and appropriate information needed for decision –making. The three most common reasons for conducting hygrothermal analysis can be defined as:

1. To Learn- Develop an appropriate level of understanding of enclosure response, e.g. does condensation occur; it thermal bridging significant relative to condensation or excessive moisture accumulation.

2. To Design- Identification and/or avoidance of a performance concern: moisture accumulation, condensation, corrosion, and mold.

3. To Comply- It is becoming more common for AHJ’s, owners, or governing bodies to require hygrothermal analysis.


Control Layers

Building Enclosures are designed to control multiple loadings this presentation will primarily be concerned with the following in order of importance:

1. Water Control Layer

2. Air Control Layer

3. Vapor Control Layer

4. Thermal Control Layer


Water Control Layer (Priority 1)The continuous layer (comprised of one of several materials and formed into planes to form a three dimensional boundary) that is designed, installed, or acts to control the passage of liquid water even after long or continuous exposure to moisture.

• Interconnected with flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations

• Overlap each other shingle fashion or are sealed so that water flow is downward and outward.

• Goal is to evacuate water from the assembly and away from the building as quickly as reasonably possible.


Water-Resistive Barrier A code (ICC/ASTM) specific term that is often used interchangeably with Weather-Resistive Barrier.


Drainage PlaneWater repellent materials (building paper, housewrap, foam insulation, etc.) which are designed and constructed to drain water. They are interconnected with flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations of the building enclosure to provide drainage of water to the exterior of the building. The materials that form the drainage plane overlap each other shingle fashion or are sealed so that water flow is downward and outward.


Modes of Bulk Water

Transport


Air Control Layer (Priority 2)Three-dimensional systems of materials designed, constructed, and/or acting to control air flow across a building enclosure, or between a conditioned space and an unconditioned space. The pressure boundary of the enclosure should, by definition, be coincident with the plane of a functional air control layer system.

• Interconnected with flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations

• CONTINUITY IS CRITICAL• Moisture-Laden-Airflow can carry 100 to 300x’s more

moisture than diffusion over the same time period.• Least regulated within the building code

Variants: Air Barrier


Moisture Transport via Air v. via Diffusion

2/3 Pint via

Diffusion

50 Pints via Air

Flow


Air Infiltration Requirements cfm/ft2 @ 0.3 in w.g. (75 Pa)

Materials(ASTM E2178 or CAN/ULC-

S741)

Assemblies(ASTM E2357/

CAN/ULC-S742, or E1677)

Whole Building(ASTM E779 or

CAN/CGSB 149.15 )

NBC (National Building Code of Canada, 1990)

0.004 -- --

Massachusetts, Minnesota, etc… 0.004 -- --

ASHRAE 90.1 (2013) 0.004 0.04 0.40

USACE(2008); NAVFAC (2011) 0.004 -- 0.25

Washington State (2010) 0.004 -- 0.25

GSA (2010) USAF (2011) 0.004 0.04 0.40

ASHRAE189.1 (2009) IECC(2012)

0.004 0.04 0.40

IgCC (2012) -- -- 0.25

State of Utah (HPBS) 0.004 0.04 0.1

or

Abbreviations: ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and air Conditioning Engineers; USACE - US Army Corps of Engineers; GSA - General Services Administration; NAVFAC - Naval Facilities Engineering Command; USAF- United States Air Force; IgCC – International Green Construction Code

or AND

or

AND

or

© E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company 2014. All rights reserved

or

or AND


Vapor Control Layer (Priority 3)The component or components that are designed and installed in an assembly to control the movement of water by vapor diffusion.

• Vapor diffusion is a linear process of moisture transport through a material

• “Continuity” of a Vapor Control Layer may be significantly dis-continuous (10% +) and still perform as a vapor control.


Water Vapor Permeability (perm inches)the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of flat material of unit thickness induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two specific surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.

Water Vapor Permeance (perms)The time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of flat material or construction induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two specific surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.

Permeability (Perm inches) ÷ Thickness (inches) = perms


Vapor Retarder Class (IBC)

ASTM E96 Dry Cup Wet

Cup


Variable Permeance Materials


Thermal Control Layer (Priority 4)The component or components that are designed and installed in an assembly to control the transfer of thermal energy (heat). Typically these are comprised of insulation products, radiant barriers, or trapped gaps filled with air or other gases.

• Interrupted by flashings, window and door openings, and other penetrations

• Understand the Impact of Thermal Bridging (see ASHRAE 90.1- Appendix A)

Variants: Thermal Envelope, Insulation Layer


2015 IECC & IRC Climate Zone Map


Exterior Environment


Interior Environment

ASHRAE 55 Defines “Comfort”

• Takes into account 10 Factors to Determine Thermal Comfort

• Looking for an 80% approval rating

• Relative Humidity = 30% – 60%

• Dry Bulb Temp = 67°F to 82°F

Typical Residential Environments

• 72°F @ 30%RH

• Tdew = 40°F


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Questions or

Discussion?


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Building Enclosure

Commissioning (BECx)


Whole Building Commissioning

Electrical

Building Enclosure

What is BECx?

WH-ETL MarkDefinition: Process that verifies enclosure performance against the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and Basis of Design (BOD)

• BECx standards:– ASTM E2318

– CSA Z 320

– ASHRAE 202

– VDI 6055

Formalization of building envelope consulting practice

What is BECx?

What is BECx?

“Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx) is

a process that begins with the establishment of

the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and

endeavors to ensure that the exterior

enclosure and those elements intended to

provide environmental separation within a

building or structure meet or exceed the

expectations of the Owner.”

What is BECx?

ASTM E2813-2012: “Building

Enclosure Commissioning

(BECx) is a process that begins with the establishment of the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and endeavors to ensure

that the exterior enclosure and those elements intended to provide environmental separation within a building or structure meet or

exceed the expectations of the

Owner.”

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Time

CostQuality

Early Project Learning

-Design / Model Reviews

-Minimize Delays

-Tested Mock-upsProcess Pays for Itself

-Minimize Change Orders

-Early Failure Identification

-Reduces Risk/Call Backs

Value Based Service

-Minimize Errors

-Verifies Performance

-End User Focus

WH DLP

What is BECx?

Basic Building Design

MEP(Mechanical, Electrical, &

Plumbing)

On-site Renewable Energy


What is BECx?

Credit: Journal of Building Enclosure Design Summer 2011 “Improvement of Air Tightness in U.S. Army Buildings” pgs. 11-13

What is BECx?

(0.40 cfm/ft2 @ 75Pa)

(0.25 cfm/ft2 @ 75Pa)

Whole Building testing Required

Whole Building testing NOT Required


What is BECx?

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Process that verifies enclosure performance against the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) and Basis of Design (BOD)

BECx:

• Formal Process (start to finish)

• Based on performance

• More accountability

• Based on real world conditions

Enclosure Consulting:

• Could be only one task

• Based on reducing liability

• Less accountability

• Based on standards

What is BECx?

BECx Process

• Pre-Design

• Design

• Construction

• Operations & Maintenance

Pre-Design Phase

Owner Project Requirements

Basis of Design

Documents the concepts, calculations, decisions, and product selections used in the design to meet the OPR

Initial BECx Plan

Project schedule inclusive of BECx tasks and milestones and Roles and responsibilities of commissioning team members.

Establishing the Owner’s Project

Requirements relative to the enclosure

performance.

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Pre-Design Phase

Whole building air test results (ASTM E779) are expressed as air flow through the wall, roof, and floor, not just the façade.

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Pre-Design Phase

Reference ASHRAE 1365 -RP

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Pre-Design Phase

Design Phase

• Incorporate BECx requirements into construction documents

– BECx Specification

– FPT Specification

• Design Reviews

• Update OPR and BECx Plan

Compliance with the Owner’s Project Requirements evaluating

design based on experience.

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• Achieve environment separation

• Understand the Environment

• Prevent equilibrium

– Understand Barriers/Code Requirements

• Meet durability/sustainability requirements

• Fulfils desired use

• Simple

• Redundant

• Constructible

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Design Phase

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Design Phase

Credit: Journal of Building Enclosure Design Summer 2011 “Improvement of Air Tightness in U.S. Army Buildings” pgs. 11-13

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Design Phase

Control Layers

Building Enclosures are designed to control multiple loadings this presentation will primarily be concerned with the following in order of importance:

1. Water Control Layer

2. Air Control Layer

3. Vapor Control Layer

4. Thermal Control Layer

Design Phase

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Make sure we are sealing to the air barrier...but also make sure to tie-in with the primary seal line of the curtain wall/window system.

Understand that this is a relatively new concept for many trades.

Design Phase

3.2°C @ 1”

-3.6°C

-3.7°C

-3.6°C

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4.1°C @ 1”

1.6°C

4.2°C

© Retro-Specs

Consultants

Design Phase

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Design Phase

BECx Specification

Design Phase

FPT Specification

Construction Phase

• BECx Kick Off meeting

• Submittal Review

• Pre-Construction Meetings

• Mockup Construction and Testing

• Other

– RFI, ASI, CCD Review

– Change Order Review

– Substitution Request Review

– Value Engineering Review

Compliance with the Owner’s Project Requirements and the Contract

for Construction.

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Construction - Shop Drawing Review

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Construction Coordination Drawings

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Construction Phase

• Verify the performance of the systems

• Set construction standards

• Establish sequencing of work

• Verify material selection

Learning

Value of Mockups

Construction Phase

• Complete waterproofing system

• Interface of wall to roof condition

• Typical wall and roof penetrations

• A sample of cladding anchorage

• Typical fenestration assemblies

• Constructed to be air tight to facilitate testing

Mockups Generally Include

Construction Phase

Types of Mockups

• Laboratory

• On-site Off-Building

• On-Site On-Building (First Installation)

Mockups

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Construction Phase

Field Observations

� Quality assurance tool

� Verifying compliance with:

– Contract documents

– Submittals and shop drawings

– Product installation instructions

– Industry standards

Tracking Non-Compliance

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Functional Performance Verification

• Verify the performance of the systems

• Verifies installation methods

Avoid late stage (expensive)

problems with early detection.


Typical Testing

• Standalone Mockup Testing

• In-Situ (First Installation) Testing

• Continuing Quality Assurance Testing


Common Test Methods

• Air Infiltration

– ASTM E783

– ASTM E1186

– ASTM E779

• Water Penetration

– ASTM E1105

– AAMA 501.1

– AAMA 501.2

• Other

– ASTM D4541 (Adhesion)

ASTM E783

• Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors

• Quantitative Air Infiltration Test


ASTM E1186

• Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems

• Qualitative Air Infiltration/Exfiltration Test


https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://dynamicinfraredinspections.net/IR Leaking window.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dynamicinfraredinspections.net/energy.html&docid=iKOGfl8fjwDfwM&tbnid=oxIEy_lZRuAZYM:&w=600&h=600&ei=Y4fiU93FMc6YyASa4oDABw&ved=undefined&iact=c

ASTM E779 (Whole Building Air Test)

• Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization

• Quantitative Whole Building Air Leakage Test


ASTM E1105

• Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference

• Water Penetration Test


AAMA 501.1

• Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors using Dynamic Pressure



AAMA 501.2

• Quality Assurance and Diagnostic Water Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing Systems



ASTM D4541

• Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers

• Quantitative Adhesion Test


E779 Whole Building

Air Test (WBAT)

• Quantitative air leakage test

• Measures the air tightness of the building enclosure

• Controlled pressurization and depressurization


The Purpose of the

WBAT

• Validation of installation

• Verify compliance with performance requirements

Reducing air leakage rate can result in up to

35% heating energy cost savings.National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency Report (NISTIR) 7238 by Emmerich, McDowell, and

Anis


Post-Occupancy Phase

• Final BECx record

• Enclosure maintenance schedule

• 10-month post-occupancy observation (warranty)

What is not BECx?

• Water penetration testing…

• A whole building air test

• Consulting / design assistance

• The contractors QC program

• A review of the thermal envelope

• Full time inspection

• Post occupancy thermal scan

• A checklist…

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Owner’s Response…

“Don’t I already pay for this through the Design and Construction Contracts?”

• The vast majority of construction claims are due to enclosure failures, i.e. water leakage.

• It is estimated that 85% or more of claims for water leakage occur at the interface of systems, i.e. window to wall; wall to roof; etc.

• Often these interface conditions land in the space between subcontracts, “by others”.

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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OYGXNEJtgWZsvM&tbnid=olW47RWNFwoZPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/mindthegap/2010/04/where_do_the_main_parties_stan.html&ei=-i6FUpqaKNOr4AOOhoHIDA&bvm=bv.56343320,d.dmg&psig=AFQjCNGJTUsOEVvgvHTJeVbOtcdYD6XF5A&ust=1384546373943884

Current Efforts

• NIBS/BETEC BECx Certificate

• ASTM E06 Standard and Guideline

• ASHRAE 90.1/189.1 Increasing Requirements

• LEED Increasing Requirements

• ISO Standard to be Proposed

• …many others…

Everyone is not working from the same playbook…

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Why BECx?

Building Performance

• Water Control

• Air control

– HVAC system performance/size selection

– Moisture control

Comfort

Above Code Certification (LEEDv3 v4)

Mandatory (ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Add L / ASHRAE 189.1)

Others???

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Questions or

Discussion?


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Building Enclosure

Detail Review


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Head Detail

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Relief Angles Joint

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Sill Detail

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Typical Interface Concerns

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Window Sill

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Wall to Door

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Wall to Fenestration

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Roof to Wall/Parapet

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Parapet to Curtain Wall

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Extended Curtain Wall

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Mechanical Equipment

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Questions or

Discussion?


Take Away

• Building Enclosure performance is important and complicated.

• BECx is a complete process focus on meeting the documented need of the project through the OPR.

• BECx can take many forms and is difficult to standardize.

• There are a variety of performance verification tools available to meet the need of the project.

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Keith P. Nelson, [email protected]

[email protected]/building

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

mailto:[email protected]

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Utah High Performance

Building Standard


Utah DFCM HPBS

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Questions or

Discussion?


Keith P. Nelson, [email protected]

[email protected]/building

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

mailto:[email protected]