intervention for chronic and emergency exposure situations module ix.3 basic concepts for emergency...

Intervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure SituationsIntervention for Chronic and Emergency Exposure Situations

Module IX.3Module IX.3 Basic Concepts for Emergency Basic Concepts for Emergency preparedness and Response for a nuclear preparedness and Response for a nuclear

accident or radiological emergencyaccident or radiological emergency

Concepts and objectives of Emergency Concepts and objectives of Emergency Preparedness and ResponsePreparedness and Response

LectureLecture

IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

Module IX.3 - Basic Concepts 2

Introduction Introduction Despite precautions that are taken duringDespite precautions that are taken during

Design Operations of nuclear facilities Conduct of nuclear activities

the possibility remains that the possibility remains that Failure Intentional act or Mishap

leads to emergency!leads to emergency!

Objectives of the lecture: Objectives of the lecture: Goals of emergency preparedness Goals of emergency preparedness Response in case of a nuclear or radiological emergencyResponse in case of a nuclear or radiological emergency


ContentContent

Goals of emergency preparedness Goals of emergency preparedness and responseand response

Detailed explanation of each Detailed explanation of each individual goal individual goal

Lessons learned associated Lessons learned associated with each goal with each goal

SummarySummary


Goals of Emergency ResponseGoals of Emergency Response Safety Fundamentals publication in regard to Safety Fundamentals publication in regard to radiation radiation

sourcessources

Protection objectiveProtection objective::Prevent occurrence of deterministic effects

(Keep doses below relevant threshold) Ensure all reasonable steps taken to reduce

occurrence of stochastic effects Safety objectiveSafety objective::

Protect individuals, society and environment

(establish and maintain effective defences against radiological hazards)


Goals of Emergency Response (1)Goals of Emergency Response (1)

Safety Fundamentals regarding Safety Fundamentals regarding nuclear installationsnuclear installations Radiation protection objective:Radiation protection objective:

Ensure …. mitigation of the radiation consequences of any emergency

• Technical safety objectiveTechnical safety objective:•Take all reasonably practical measures to prevent emergencies in nuclear installations and mitigate their consequences should they occur …


Practical Goals of Emergency ResponsePractical Goals of Emergency Response

Preparedness and Response Safety Requirements Preparedness and Response Safety Requirements from GS-R-2 statesfrom GS-R-2 states Regain control of the situationRegain control of the situation Take mitigatory action at the sceneTake mitigatory action at the scene Prevent deterministic effectsPrevent deterministic effects Render first aid and treat radiation injuriesRender first aid and treat radiation injuries Reasonably reduce stochastic effectsReasonably reduce stochastic effects Reasonably limit non-radiological effectsReasonably limit non-radiological effects Reasonably protect the environment Reasonably protect the environment Reasonably prepare for the resumption of Reasonably prepare for the resumption of

normal activitynormal activity


Regain Control of the SituationRegain Control of the Situation

Responsibility of the operator (people at the scene)Responsibility of the operator (people at the scene)

Immediate action to prevent or reduce the release of Immediate action to prevent or reduce the release of radioactive materialradioactive material

Prevent / limit exposures of workers and the public to Prevent / limit exposures of workers and the public to radiationradiation

Regaining prompt control of the situation requiresRegaining prompt control of the situation requires

Immediate action by operatorImmediate action by operator Direct immediate mitigatory actionsDirect immediate mitigatory actions


Take Mitigatory Action at the SceneTake Mitigatory Action at the Scene Responsibility of the operator (people at the Responsibility of the operator (people at the

scene)scene) Immediate actions Immediate actions

Prevent / reduce releases Prevent / reduce releases Prevent exposures to radiation and other hazards Prevent exposures to radiation and other hazards

associated with emergency associated with emergency Earthquake Earthquake Hurricane Hurricane Flood Flood Fire damageFire damage


Take Mitigatory Action at the Scene (1)Take Mitigatory Action at the Scene (1)

Experience shows facilities must have predefined emergency Experience shows facilities must have predefined emergency procedures in order toprocedures in order to

Recognize emergency conditionsRecognize emergency conditions

Direct immediate mitigatory actionsDirect immediate mitigatory actions

Address serious but very unlikely emergenciesAddress serious but very unlikely emergencies

Consider all aspects of mitigatory actions and Consider all aspects of mitigatory actions and conditions present during an emergency conditions present during an emergency

Have required immediate actions performed by Have required immediate actions performed by operatoroperator


Lessons LearnedLessons Learned During several emergencies staff could not mitigate During several emergencies staff could not mitigate

the problem for following reasonsthe problem for following reasons

Did not know what actions to take to solve Did not know what actions to take to solve problemproblem

Over confident or unsureOver confident or unsure

Did not have the necessary equipment requiredDid not have the necessary equipment required

Did not have the necessary protection requiredDid not have the necessary protection required

Off-site support was not obtained promptlyOff-site support was not obtained promptly

Off-site support was not preparedOff-site support was not prepared


Prevent Deterministic Health EffectsPrevent Deterministic Health Effects

Take urgent protective actions to keep the dose Take urgent protective actions to keep the dose below the deterministic effects thresholdbelow the deterministic effects threshold

Best accomplished by taking actions Best accomplished by taking actions before release or exposure when severe before release or exposure when severe conditions detected in facilityconditions detected in facility

Immediate response required by operator Immediate response required by operator


Lessons Learned (1)Lessons Learned (1)

Experience shows workers who responded to emergencies were Experience shows workers who responded to emergencies were at greatest risk because:at greatest risk because:

Did not know what to doDid not know what to do

Were not provided with appropriate equipment Were not provided with appropriate equipment (monitoring devices, dosimeters, protective (monitoring devices, dosimeters, protective clothing)clothing)

All possible people/conditions were not consideredAll possible people/conditions were not considered In plant operators

Off-site responders

People in near-by areas


Render First Aid and Treat Radiation InjuriesRender First Aid and Treat Radiation Injuries

Immediate response neededImmediate response needed

First to arrive immediately provides emergency aid to treat life First to arrive immediately provides emergency aid to treat life threatening injuries threatening injuries

Specialized treatment of contamination and radiation injuriesSpecialized treatment of contamination and radiation injuries Triage injured patientsTriage injured patients DecontaminateDecontaminate Obtain specialist assistanceObtain specialist assistance

Experience showsExperience shows Fear of radiation may interfere with initial Fear of radiation may interfere with initial

treatmenttreatment Severe radiation injuries require specialized Severe radiation injuries require specialized

treatmenttreatment


Lessons Learned (2)Lessons Learned (2)

Poor medical treatment of overexposurePoor medical treatment of overexposure

Facility and local medical staff did not gather Facility and local medical staff did not gather information to determine appropriate treatmentinformation to determine appropriate treatment

Local medical staff treated overexposure Local medical staff treated overexposure without consulting expertswithout consulting experts

Medical personnel may not be willing to treat – if Medical personnel may not be willing to treat – if not trainednot trained

Result - much unnecessary Result - much unnecessary sufferingsuffering


Reasonably Reduce Stochastic EffectsReasonably Reduce Stochastic Effects

Take actions to projected dose consistent with Take actions to projected dose consistent with international guidanceinternational guidance

Develop OILs for use during an emergency Develop OILs for use during an emergency

Taking actions at much lower levels does more Taking actions at much lower levels does more harm (psychological & economic) than good harm (psychological & economic) than good (reduction in cancer risk) (reduction in cancer risk)

Experience shows you can not develop reasonable Experience shows you can not develop reasonable criteria during an emergencycriteria during an emergency Criteria must be developed in advance as Criteria must be developed in advance as

part of preparednesspart of preparedness


Reasonably Limit Non-radiological EffectsReasonably Limit Non-radiological Effects Includes unwarranted Includes unwarranted

Relocation (loss of income and home)Relocation (loss of income and home) AbortionsAbortions Restriction on sale of local goods Restriction on sale of local goods

Caused byCaused by Developing criteria at time of emergencyDeveloping criteria at time of emergency Poor communication with the media and the Poor communication with the media and the

public public Unrealistic fears of radiation due to conflicting Unrealistic fears of radiation due to conflicting

andand non-informative information from the technical non-informative information from the technical

community community So-called experts resulting in inappropriate So-called experts resulting in inappropriate

actions taken to address radiological concernsactions taken to address radiological concerns


How to Reduce Psychological EffectsHow to Reduce Psychological Effects

Provide on-going, regular updates on the emergency toProvide on-going, regular updates on the emergency to

People who may be affectedPeople who may be affected People who think they may be affected People who think they may be affected

Give clear, simple and timely adviceGive clear, simple and timely advice

Make sure that information is consistentMake sure that information is consistent

Single authority for informationSingle authority for information Promptly correct false informationPromptly correct false information Ensure protective actions are justifiedEnsure protective actions are justified Do not compromise the recoveryDo not compromise the recovery Consider education and counsellingConsider education and counselling


A Call from CNN is an Emergency A Call from CNN is an Emergency

There will be significant media and public reaction to actual There will be significant media and public reaction to actual or or perceivedperceived risk risk

Poor response can have very severe consequencesPoor response can have very severe consequences

All facilitiesAll facilities need some preparations need some preparations

Local population and officials must be informed Local population and officials must be informed of nature and risk of the operationsof nature and risk of the operations

Must have provision for immediate response to Must have provision for immediate response to media inquiresmedia inquires

Response should be coordinated locally and Response should be coordinated locally and from single locationfrom single location


Reasonably Protect the EnvironmentReasonably Protect the Environment

Limit the spread of contaminationLimit the spread of contamination

Take actions to reduce impactTake actions to reduce impact

Control access toControl access to

Agriculture and water suppliesAgriculture and water supplies Forestry, fisheries and natural environmentForestry, fisheries and natural environment Transportation and tradeTransportation and trade Manage wasteManage waste

Do not compromise the recoveryDo not compromise the recovery


Reasonably Prepare for ResumptionReasonably Prepare for Resumptionof Normal Activityof Normal Activity

Resumption of normal life is essential to Resumption of normal life is essential to eliminating many of the non-radiological eliminating many of the non-radiological consequencesconsequences

Experience shows if there is not an existing Experience shows if there is not an existing criteria, people may delay returning back to normal criteria, people may delay returning back to normal life because:life because: concern about contaminationconcern about contamination misconceptions about risks misconceptions about risks

Experience shows we (radiation community) can Experience shows we (radiation community) can not say enough is enough not say enough is enough But need to! But need to!


Experience ShowsExperience Shows

Have procedures and training ready if immediate response is Have procedures and training ready if immediate response is neededneeded

In many emergencies – inappropriate immediate actions In many emergencies – inappropriate immediate actions resulted in emergency or made the emergency worseresulted in emergency or made the emergency worse

Examples: TMI & Chernobyl NPP accidents, San Salvador Examples: TMI & Chernobyl NPP accidents, San Salvador irradiation facility irradiation facility

Staff did not recognize the problem Did not recognize severe conditionsDid not know what initial action to take

Planning and classification (criteria, actions) are needed Planning and classification (criteria, actions) are needed Emergency Action Levels (EALs) and corresponding actions


Experience Shows (1)Experience Shows (1) Be prepared for later response if neededBe prepared for later response if needed

In many emergencies –criteria for long term In many emergencies –criteria for long term actions (e.g., relocation, compensation, medical actions (e.g., relocation, compensation, medical screening) were not justified and may have done screening) were not justified and may have done more harm than goodmore harm than good

Difficult if not impossible to develop justified Difficult if not impossible to develop justified criteria at the time of emergency criteria at the time of emergency Emotional atmosphere Loss of trust Political pressure

Develop criteria for long term action in advance Develop criteria for long term action in advance


Experience Shows (2)Experience Shows (2)

Lack of coordinated responseLack of coordinated response Many locations being used to coordinate Many locations being used to coordinate

response and make public statements response and make public statements Owner/operatorNational officialsLocal official

Result Result Confusion Confusion Inconsistent public statements Inconsistent public statements Loss of trust Loss of trust


Post-emergency Preparedness GoalPost-emergency Preparedness Goal

Preparedness goal Preparedness goal

Ensure that arrangements are in place to Ensure that arrangements are in place to Protect public health Public welfare and the environment

Develop and implement Develop and implement Justified and optimized long-term

countermeasures in a managed, controlled, coordinated and effective way

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Post-emergency Response GoalsPost-emergency Response Goals

Response goals are toResponse goals are to

Reduce the occurrence of adverse health Reduce the occurrence of adverse health effects in emergency workers and the publiceffects in emergency workers and the public

Limit the occurrence of other adverse Limit the occurrence of other adverse consequences of the radiation emergency and consequences of the radiation emergency and protective actions takenprotective actions taken

Protect the environmentProtect the environment Achieve resumption of "normal" living Achieve resumption of "normal" living

conditionsconditions


Justification and Optimization of InterventionJustification and Optimization of Intervention

Measures towards undertaking interventions are governedMeasures towards undertaking interventions are governed

by the principles in Safety Fundamentals publication onby the principles in Safety Fundamentals publication on

Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation SourcesRadiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources

These principles areThese principles are

Justification of intervention Justification of intervention Any proposed intervention shall do more

good than harm

Optimization of interventionOptimization of interventionIntervention shall be optimized so net benefit

is maximized


Achieving the Goals of Emergency PreparednessAchieving the Goals of Emergency Preparedness

Goals of emergency response most likely to Goals of emergency response most likely to be achieved in accordance with the be achieved in accordance with the principles for intervention by having a principles for intervention by having a sound programme for emergency sound programme for emergency preparedness in place as part of the preparedness in place as part of the infrastructure for protection and safetyinfrastructure for protection and safety

Emergency preparedness helps to build Emergency preparedness helps to build confidence that an emergency response confidence that an emergency response would be managed, controlled and would be managed, controlled and coordinated effectivelycoordinated effectively


To ConcludeTo Conclude

Practical goal of emergency preparedness may Practical goal of emergency preparedness may be expressed asbe expressed as

To ensure that arrangements are in To ensure that arrangements are in place for a timely, managed, controlled, place for a timely, managed, controlled, coordinated and effective response at coordinated and effective response at the scene and at the local, regional, the scene and at the local, regional, national and international level, to any national and international level, to any nuclear or radiological emergencynuclear or radiological emergency


Conclusion: Why Plan and Prepare?Conclusion: Why Plan and Prepare?

Because emergencies happenBecause emergencies happen

Because planning helps to save lives and to Because planning helps to save lives and to minimize risks to health and environmentminimize risks to health and environment

Because a response with planning costs less than Because a response with planning costs less than a response without planninga response without planning

Because a response without plans can affect the Because a response without plans can affect the credibility of authoritiescredibility of authorities


SummarySummary Events requiring an immediate and planned response can Events requiring an immediate and planned response can

occuroccur Poor response can result in Poor response can result in

Significant health, psychological or financial Significant health, psychological or financial consequencesconsequences

Some planning is always needed Some planning is always needed Adequate preparations must be established and maintained Adequate preparations must be established and maintained

for response to emergencies at for response to emergencies at

LocalLocal National National International levelInternational level

Nature and extent of emergency arrangements must match Nature and extent of emergency arrangements must match the potential magnitude and nature of the hazard associated the potential magnitude and nature of the hazard associated

with the facility or activitywith the facility or activity


Questions and Additional InformationQuestions and Additional Information

Why is planning required?Why is planning required?

What emergencies should emergency What emergencies should emergency plans be based on?plans be based on?

List the practical goals of emergency List the practical goals of emergency responseresponse

For additional information, see references For additional information, see references on the cover pageon the cover page

intervention for chronic and emergency exposure situations module ix.3 basic concepts for emergency...

Documents

basic conceptsintroduction

basic conceptsregain

radiation consequences

radiation injuriesreasonably

nuclear accident

nuclear activities

aspects of mitigatory

response safety requirements