into the dark: the far future of our universe fred c. adams university of michigan fred c. adams...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INTO The DARK:INTO The DARK:the FAR FUTUREthe FAR FUTUREof OUR universe of OUR universe
INTO The DARK:INTO The DARK:the FAR FUTUREthe FAR FUTUREof OUR universe of OUR universe
Fred C. Adams
University of MichiganFred C. Adams
University of Michigan
![Page 2: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Copernican Time PrincipleThe Copernican Time Principle
The current cosmological The current cosmological epoch epoch has no special has no special significance.significance.
Interesting physics processes will Interesting physics processes will continue to take place in the future,continue to take place in the future,despite decreasingly energy levelsdespite decreasingly energy levels
![Page 3: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Yet Another Principle:Yet Another Principle:
The cosmological future The cosmological future informsinformsour understanding of our understanding of astrophysics astrophysics in the present day universe. in the present day universe.
![Page 4: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cosmological DecadeCosmological Decade
€
t =10η years
![Page 5: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cosmic TimelineCosmic Timeline
![Page 6: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Five Ages of the UniverseFive Ages of the UniverseFive Ages of the UniverseFive Ages of the Universe
Primordial Era n < 6 Stelliferous Era n = 6 - 14 Degenerate Era n = 14 - 40 Black Hole Era n = 40 - 100 Dark Era n > 100
Primordial Era n < 6 Stelliferous Era n = 6 - 14 Degenerate Era n = 14 - 40 Black Hole Era n = 40 - 100 Dark Era n > 100
![Page 7: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Inflationary Universe
Time in seconds
(Guth)
![Page 9: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Matter > Antimatter Matter > Antimatter
![Page 10: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dark matter abundance freezes before universe is 1 second old
![Page 11: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The synthesis of light elements beginsThe synthesis of light elements begins when the universe is one second oldwhen the universe is one second old
and ends three minutes later…and ends three minutes later…
![Page 12: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Helium
Deuterium
Lithium
(Schramm)
![Page 13: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Primordial EraThe Primordial EraThe Primordial EraThe Primordial Era
The Big Bang Inflation Matter > Antimatter Quarks --- protons & neutrons Nuclear synthesis of the light elements Cosmic Microwave Background Universe continues to expand
The Big Bang Inflation Matter > Antimatter Quarks --- protons & neutrons Nuclear synthesis of the light elements Cosmic Microwave Background Universe continues to expand
![Page 14: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
WMAP: Cosmic Background Radiation
WMAP: Cosmic Background Radiation
![Page 15: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The VIRGO consortium
Large Scale Structure of the Universe
![Page 16: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Present Epoch
![Page 21: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cosmological ParametersCosmological Parameters
![Page 22: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
IslandUniverse
14 Gyr
54 Gyr
92 Gyr
![Page 23: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dark matter halos approacha well-defined asymptotic formwith unambiguous total mass, outer radius, density profile
€
ρ ≈ρ0
ξ (1+ ξ )3
![Page 24: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Andromeda: Our sister galaxyAndromeda: Our sister galaxy
![Page 25: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Collision with AndromedaCollision with Andromeda
![Page 26: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
AB
C
![Page 27: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Earth swallowed by the SunEarth swallowed by the Sun
(probably…)
![Page 28: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Red Dwarf saves the EarthRed Dwarf saves the Earth
sun
red dwarf
earth
moon
![Page 29: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Red dwarf captures the Earth
Sun exits with one red dwarf as a binary companion
Earth exits with the other red dwarf
Sun and Earth encounter binary pair of red dwarfs
9000 year interaction
![Page 30: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Solar System ScatteringSolar System Scattering
Many Parameters +Chaotic Behavior
Many Simulations Monte Carlo Scheme
![Page 31: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cross Sections vs Stellar MassCross Sections vs Stellar MassCross Sections vs Stellar MassCross Sections vs Stellar Mass
2.0 M1.0 M
0.5 M0.25 M
€
σej
=C0
aPAU
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟M∗
Msun
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
−1/ 2
where
C0 =1350 ±160 (AU)2
![Page 32: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Galilean Satellites:
Ganymede Callisto Io Europa
Icy worlds are easy to make
![Page 33: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Some current data suggest that life on Earth might have originated deep underground,independent ofsunlight, so that life could arise onfrozen planets across the Galaxy.
![Page 34: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Galaxy continues to make new stars.Time scales are lengthened by: - Recycling- Infall onto disk- Reduced SF rate
![Page 35: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Star formation continues until the galaxy runs out of gas (at n = 14)
![Page 36: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Long term Evolution of Red Dwarfs
Long term Evolution of Red Dwarfs
Log
[L]
Temperature
![Page 37: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Life Span of Red DwarfsLife Span of Red Dwarfs
Lif
etim
e (T
rill
ion
yr)
Mass (Msun)
![Page 38: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Late time light curve for Milky Way
(Adams, Graves, & Laughlin 2004)
![Page 39: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Stelliferous EraThe Stelliferous EraThe Stelliferous EraThe Stelliferous Era Stars dominate energy production Lowest mass stars increasingly important Star formation and stellar evolution end
near cosmological decade n = 14 Future tells us why stars become red giants,Future tells us why stars become red giants, why dark matter halos have their forms, how why dark matter halos have their forms, how
to define the mass of a galaxy, new results to define the mass of a galaxy, new results on orbit instabilities, dynamical scattering…on orbit instabilities, dynamical scattering…
Stars dominate energy production Lowest mass stars increasingly important Star formation and stellar evolution end
near cosmological decade n = 14 Future tells us why stars become red giants,Future tells us why stars become red giants, why dark matter halos have their forms, how why dark matter halos have their forms, how
to define the mass of a galaxy, new results to define the mass of a galaxy, new results on orbit instabilities, dynamical scattering…on orbit instabilities, dynamical scattering…
![Page 40: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Nuclear physics Nuclear physics determinesdetermineshow stellar evolution how stellar evolution takestakesplace, and sets the place, and sets the cosmic cosmic abundance of the abundance of the elements, elements, as well as the as well as the inventory of inventory of the Degenerate the Degenerate Era… Era…
![Page 41: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Inventory of Degenerate EraInventory of Degenerate Era Brown dwarfs (from brown dwarfs) White dwarfs (from most stars, M=0.08-8) Neutron stars (from massive stars M > 8) Stellar Black Holes (from largest stars)
Brown dwarfs (from brown dwarfs) White dwarfs (from most stars, M=0.08-8) Neutron stars (from massive stars M > 8) Stellar Black Holes (from largest stars)
BD WD
![Page 42: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Brown Dwarf CollisionsBrown Dwarf Collisions
J. Barnes
![Page 43: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
White Dwarfs of Degenerate Era Accrete Dark Matter Particles
White Dwarfs of Degenerate Era Accrete Dark Matter Particles
Power = quadrillions of watts
![Page 44: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Dynamical Relaxation of the GalaxyDynamical Relaxation of the Galaxy
Stellar scattering changes the structure of the galaxy over time
Spiral disk becomes extended and diffuse
Most stars are lost, but a few fall to center
Stellar scattering changes the structure of the galaxy over time
Spiral disk becomes extended and diffuse
Most stars are lost, but a few fall to center
Time scale = 20 cosmological decadesTime scale = 20 cosmological decades
![Page 45: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Proton DecayProton Decay Many possible channels Lifetime is recklessly uncertain Experiments show that n > 33 Theory implies that n < 45
Changes the universe more dramatically than any other process in our future history
Many possible channels Lifetime is recklessly uncertain Experiments show that n > 33 Theory implies that n < 45
Changes the universe more dramatically than any other process in our future history
![Page 46: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Proton decay channelProton decay channel
€
u
€
u
€
d
€
dd€
e⊕
€
π 0
€
u
€
u
€
d
€
XP
![Page 47: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Fate of Degenerate Objects
Temperature Temperature
P
ower
P
ower
![Page 48: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Degenerate EraThe Degenerate EraThe Degenerate EraThe Degenerate Era
Inventory includes Brown Dwarfs, White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes Star formation through brown dwarf collisions White dwarfs capture dark matter particles Galaxy relaxes dynamically Black holes accrete stars, gas, and grow
Era ends when Protons decay at cosmological decade n = 40
Inventory includes Brown Dwarfs, White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes Star formation through brown dwarf collisions White dwarfs capture dark matter particles Galaxy relaxes dynamically Black holes accrete stars, gas, and grow
Era ends when Protons decay at cosmological decade n = 40
![Page 49: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Every galaxy has a
supermassive black hole anchoring its center
Mbh = millions to billions of Suns
![Page 50: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Every galaxy produces about one million stellar mass black holes
![Page 51: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Hawking Radiation
BlackBlack holehole
Virtual particles
€
λ ≈GM ≈ Rs
€
TH =1/(8πGM)
€
τ =1065 yr M /Mo[ ]3
![Page 52: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Black Hole EraThe Black Hole EraThe Black Hole EraThe Black Hole Era
Black holes are brightest stellar objects Generation of energy via Hawking radiation Every galaxy contributes one supermassive
and about one million stellar black holes Black hole lifetime is mass dependent:
Black holes are brightest stellar objects Generation of energy via Hawking radiation Every galaxy contributes one supermassive
and about one million stellar black holes Black hole lifetime is mass dependent:
One solar mass: n=65Million solar mass: n=83Galactic mass: n=98Horizon mass: n=131
€
tT ∝Mbh3
![Page 53: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Dark EraThe Dark EraThe Dark EraThe Dark Era
No stellar objects of any kind Inventory of elementary particles:
electrons, positrons, neutrinos, & photons Positronium formation and decay Low level annihilation
No stellar objects of any kind Inventory of elementary particles:
electrons, positrons, neutrinos, & photons Positronium formation and decay Low level annihilation
![Page 54: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Cosmos could experience a Future Phase Transition
![Page 55: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
As the phase transition completes, the laws of physics could change, and the universe gets a new start
![Page 56: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
As our own universeAs our own universeexperiences its time-experiences its time-line, other parts of line, other parts of the global space-timethe global space-time(other universes) can (other universes) can live through their ownlive through their ownlifetimes, as part of lifetimes, as part of a cosmic archipelagoa cosmic archipelagosometimes called thesometimes called theMULTIVERSE.MULTIVERSE.
![Page 57: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
SummarySummarySummarySummary Our current understanding of the laws of
physics and astrophysics allow us to construct a working picture of the future.
Studying physical processes of the future provides insight into current astrophysical problems, e.g., the reason for red giants, structure of dark matter halos, dynamical scattering problems, defining the masses of galaxies, etc.
Our current understanding of the laws of physics and astrophysics allow us to construct a working picture of the future.
Studying physical processes of the future provides insight into current astrophysical problems, e.g., the reason for red giants, structure of dark matter halos, dynamical scattering problems, defining the masses of galaxies, etc.
![Page 58: INTO The DARK: the FAR FUTURE of OUR universe Fred C. Adams University of Michigan Fred C. Adams University of Michigan](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e8f5503460f94b93609/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
DisclaimerDisclaimerDisclaimerDisclaimer
As one journeys deeper into future time, projections necessarily become more uncertain (this talk stops at n = 100).
As we learn more about the fundamental laws of physics, or if the laws change with cosmological time, corrections (both large and small) to this timeline must be made.
As one journeys deeper into future time, projections necessarily become more uncertain (this talk stops at n = 100).
As we learn more about the fundamental laws of physics, or if the laws change with cosmological time, corrections (both large and small) to this timeline must be made.