into. to arch week 3
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TRANSCRIPT
“Commodity” (utility): how does the building function?
“Firmness” (strength) : ( g )how does the building stand up?
VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTUREEDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767 AND TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D.Lrr., A.R.I.B.A. PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I
H“Haec autem ita fieri debent, ut habeatur ratiofirmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis.”firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis.
Image: Vitruvius’ De Architectura, Book X. Medieval Copy Carolingian Anonymous (750-987) Image source: http://wobblingsolutions.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/
BOOK I. c. i., CHAPTER III, ON THE PARTS OF ARCHITECTURE, page 34 / 35
“2. Now these should be so carried out that account is taken of
t th tilitstrength, utility, grace.
firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis (lat.)
Account will be taken of strength when the foundations are carrieddown to the solid ground and when from each material there is a
CHAPTER IIION THE PARTS OF ARCHITECTURE, page 34 / 35
down to the solid ground, and when from each material there is a choice of supplies without parsimony;
of utility, when the sites are arranged without mistake and impediment to their use, and a fit and convenient disposition for the aspect of each kind ;aspect of each kind ;
of grace, when the appearance of the work shall be pleasing andof grace, when the appearance of the work shall be pleasing and elegant, and the scale of the constituent parts is justly calculated for symmetry”
strength utility graceg y g
?
“Commodity”:
how does the building function?
A place to shelter, celebrate, work or worship?
We can talk about “utility” on two levels, i.e, from two aspects: e ca ta about ut ty o t o e e s, e, o t o aspects
• in regard with organization of space, which must meet the needs arising from a specific physiological civilizational anthropological spiritualfrom a specific physiological, civilizational, anthropological, spiritual,
cultural, economic, social and other needs.
• in regard with material components i e material system of building• in regard with material components, i.e., material system of building -enclosure, that must respond to all physical impacts of environment and
needs of users.
Concept of Shelter
Concept of Shelter
Shelter
1 21 2Artificial shelter starts with such gentle manipulations of the landscape as planting a tree for shade or a row
In progressively more elaborate stages ofenvironmental intervention, a paving of stonesof the landscape as planting a tree for shade or a row
of shrubbery for a windbreak. A simple, freestanding east-west wall of piled-up rocks, by means of its vertical profile and its thermal capacity, can create a small zone of shaded coolness immediately to its
environmental intervention, a paving of stonesor a platform of wood provides a drier footingfor the inhabitant. A lean-to roof keeps off rainand snow.
ynorth in hot weather and a sun-warmed, less windy zone to its south in cold weather.
Shelter
3 4At night, a fire at the mouth of this simple shelterwarms its occupants by both direct and wall-reflected radiation, and a small portion of its heat is stored in the stones to moderate the temperature of
One can easily imagine further steps in the improvement of such a rudimentary shelter: the use of fabric or skins to close off the open side after dark or on cloudy days, the moving of the fire to an interior
the sheltered space even after the fire has died. hearth, and so on.
Home
Development of human civilization –development of needs, requirements, spaces
Development of human civilization: development of needs,
irequirements, spaces
The Function of Buildings
Spiritual cultural social and other needsSpiritual, cultural, social and other needs
Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-212 B.C., the Ptolemaic period
Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, cca. 490 B.C.
Differences regarding disposition, articulation of space and arrangement of space:buildings of same functions, constructed in different cultural, civilization and religious contexts.
The Function of Buildings
Spiritual cultural social and other needs
Differences regarding visual expression:
Spiritual, cultural, social and other needs
buildings of same functions, constructed within different cultural, civilization and religious contexts.
Temple of Horus, Edfu, 237-212 B.C., the Ptolemaic period Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, cca. 490 B.C.
The Function of Buildings
A place to shelter celebrate work or worship?A place to shelter, celebrate, work or worship?
Differences regarding articulation of space and arrangement of space:buildings of different functions
public library layoutpublic library layout
The Function of Buildings
A place to shelter celebrate work or worship?A place to shelter, celebrate, work or worship?
Differences regarding articulation of space and arrangement of space:buildings of different functions
hotel, floor layout
The Function of Buildings
Factor of traditionFactor of tradition
Specific developing of layout based on traditions and cultural factors
Japanese house with spatial sections serving for traditional tea ceremony
Japanese house, interior
What a building should do?
This is the graphical presentation of the list,attempting to include all
the functional expectations we have for a building at
the present time.
The diagram shows interconnections /
interdependences of diff f i f hdifferent functions of the
building.
What a building should do?
After Vitruvius, many theoreticians of architecture proposed many different systems by which buildings may be analysed, their qualities discussed and their
meanings understood.meanings understood.
Besides this, within the scope of building sciencenumerous sets of requirements, standards and
regulations on different aspects of building functioningregulations on different aspects of building functioning have been developed.
Set of requirements on wall designing, according to Neil Hutcheon.
Below: Some of the more critical physical phenomena impacting enclosures, according to Hutcheon.
Left:Building occupancy types and occupancy factors, according to Hutcheon.
Concept of Enclosure
wigwamigloo
Buildings are enclosed for privacy, to excludewind, rain, and snow from the interior, and to
control interior temperature and humidity.yurt
A single-enclosure type of system is one that extends continuously from the ground to enclose the floor. Simple examples are cone-like tepees
and dome igloos
y
and dome igloos.
A multiple-enclosure type of system consists of a horizontal or inclined top covering, called a roof, and vertical or inclined side enclosures called
ll
isba hut
walls.
hut
pile dwelling
hut
tepee
Concept of EnclosureBuilding: shell (envelope) and structure
In order to understand how a building works, we can dissect it
and studyits various elemental functions.
But few building functionstake place in isolation. Almost every component of a building
h f iserves more than one function, with some components
commonly serving ten or more simultaneously, and these
f ti h ilfunctions are heavily interdependent.
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OFARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING
How Buildings Work?
THERMAL CONTROL: Heat transfer and the building envelopeTHERMAL CONTROL: Heat transfer and the building envelope
Insulated wallInsulated wall
How much heat the building envelope -the construction that separates the interior spaces from the outside environment - gains or loses is influenced by the construction of the outside of the building envelope, along with the wind velocity outside the building. Each layer of material making up the building’s exterior shell contributes some resistance to the flow of heat into or out of the building. The amount of resistance depends on the properties and thickness of the materials making up the envelope. Heavy, compact materials usually have less resistance to heat flow than light ones. Each air space separating materials in the building envelope adds resistance as well. The surface inside the building also resists heat flow by holding a film of air along its surface. The rougher the surface is, the thicker the film and the higher the insulation value.
How Buildings Work?
THERMAL CONTROL: VentilationTHERMAL CONTROL: Ventilation
Before the invention of mechanical ventilation,the common high ceilings in buildings created a large volume of indoor
air that diluted odors and carbon dioxide. Fresh air was provided by infiltration, the accidental leakage of air through cracks in the building, which along with operable windows created a steady exchange of air
with the outdoors.
Whole house fan
“Cupola”
Roof window
How Buildings Work?
DAYLIGHTINGDAYLIGHTING
Skylights
Clerestory window
Until recently, the workday ended when the sun went down. At the end of the day, everyone huddled around the fire, and then headed off to bed in the dark. Fires, candles, and oil lamps provided weak illumination, and were often too expensive for poorer people. People depended on daylight entering their buildings to give enough light for daily tasks. Architects and builders understood the role of natural light in buildings intuitively. Building orientations, configurations, and interior finishes were selected to provide sufficient levels of daylighting in interior spaces.
How Buildings Work?
WATER AND WASTESWATER AND WASTES
Throughout history, a primary concern of architects, builders, and homeowners has been how to keep water out of
buildings. It wasn’t until the end of the nineteenth century that supplying water inside a building became common in
industrial countries. Indoor plumbing is still not available in many parts of the
world today.Today, interior designers work with architects, engineers, and contractors to make sure that water is supplied in a way that
supports health, safety, comfort, and utility.
Supply plumbing
How Buildings Work?
HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMSHEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS
In steam heating systems, steam that is produced in a boiler is circulated under pressure through
insulated pipes, and then condensed in cast-iron radiators. In the radiator, the latent heat given off
when the steam cools and becomes water is released to the air of the room.
The condensed water then returns to the boiler through a network of return pipes. The system is
reasonably efficientbut difficult to control precisely, as the steam gives
off its heat rapidly.
Radiators
How electricity is supplied to a building
How Buildings Work?
ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY
Until around 1870, only fire and muscle power were commonly used in buildings to perform useful work. Historically, coal and oil were burned for heat and light or converted into energy for machines that generated heat. Since the end of the nineteenth century, heat has been converted into electricity. Even nuclear energy produces heat for conversion to electricity. Converting heat to electricity is inherently inefficient, with about 60 percent of the energy in the heat wasted.Today, electricity offers a clean, reliable, and very convenient source of energy for illumination, heating, power equipment, and electronic communication.
How Buildings Work?
ACOUSTICSACOUSTICS
Reverberation
Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. Acoustical design is the planning, shaping, finishing, and furnishing of an enclosed space to establish an acoustic environment necessary for the distinct hearing of speech or musical sounds. Understandinghow we hear sound and how sound interacts with the built environment helps us design spaces that are asacoustically pleasing as they are visually rich.
“Firmness” :how does the building stand up?
Structural Requirements
“DESIGN ERROR MY FOOT ....WE ALL CAN SEE YOU ARE LEANING AGAINST IT !!!"
Structural Requirements
Structural Types
Structural Types
POST AND BEAMPOST AND BEAM (POST AND LINTEL)
Beam is a rigid structural member designed to carry and transferdesigned to carry and transfer
transverse loads across space to supporting elements.
Column is a rigid relatively slenderColumn is a rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads applied
at the member ends.
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING
Structural Types
POST AND BEAMPOST AND BEAM (POST AND LINTEL)
Structural Types
ARCHES AND VAULTSARCHES AND VAULTS
Arch is a curved structure for spanning an opening designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING
Arch is a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.
Structural Types
ARCHES AND VAULTSARCHES AND VAULTS
Ilustracija 7: potkovičasti kameni luk, u različitim izvedbama, periodima i kulturama.
Figure 7: stone horseshoe arc, in different versions,periods and cultures.
MUJEZINOVIĆ, NERMINA: KAMEN – MATERIJAL KONTINUITETA I IZRAŽAJNIH MOGUĆNOSTI,
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, SARAJEVO, 2009.
Structural Types
ARCHES AND VAULTSARCHES AND VAULTS
V l i h d f b i kVault is an arched structure of stone, brick or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling
or roof over a hall, room or other wholly or partially enclosed space.
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING
Structural Types
ARCHES AND VAULTSARCHES AND VAULTS
Ilustracija 19: romaničko i gotičko oblikovanje u kamenu, kameni rebrasti svod.kamenu, kameni rebrasti svod.
Illustration 19: artistic expression of Romanesque and Gothic periods in stone. Ribbed vault made of stonestone.
MUJEZINOVIĆ, NERMINA: KAMEN – MATERIJAL KONTINUITETA I IZRAŽAJNIH MOGUĆNOSTI,
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, SARAJEVO, 2009.
Structural Types
DOMESDOMES
Dome is a vaulted structureDome is a vaulted structure having a circular plan and usually the form of a portion of a sphere, so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directionsequal thrust in all directions.
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OFARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K.
CHING
Structural Types
DOMESDOMES
Ilustracija 8: najstarije kupole na trompama,Ilustracija 8: najstarije kupole na trompama, Firuzabad, rano III st.
Illustration 8: The oldest domes on squinches, Firouzabad, early III century
MUJEZINOVIĆ, NERMINA: KAMEN – MATERIJAL KONTINUITETA I IZRAŽAJNIH MOGUĆNOSTI,
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, SARAJEVO, 2009.
Structural Types
FRAME STRUCTURESFRAME STRUCTURES
Structural Types
PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURESPORTAL FRAME STRUCTURES
Portal frame construction is a method of building and designing simple structures primarily using steel or steeldesigning simple structures, primarily using steel or steel-
reinforced precast concrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber. The connections
between the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment resistant i e they can carry bending forcesmoment-resistant, i.e. they can carry bending forces.
Structural Types
PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURESPORTAL FRAME STRUCTURES
Structural Types
TRUSSESTRUSSES
A structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression.
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING
Structural Types
SPACE FRAME TRUSSESSPACE FRAME TRUSSES
Structural Types
SPACE FRAME TRUSSESSPACE FRAME TRUSSES
A two-dimensional truss transforms into three dimensions over the central span of the terminal.
Interior of a concrete shell structure Structural Types
SHELLSSHELLS
Also known as ‘surface structures’, shells resist and transfer loads within their minimal
thicknesses. They rely upon their three-
Interior ribbed surface of the shell.
dimensional curved geometry and correct orientation and placement of supports for their
adequate structural performance.
Structural Types
MEMBRANE STRUCTURESMEMBRANE STRUCTURES
Fabric or membrane structures represent another type of surface structure. These structures, where tensioned fabric initially resists selfweight and other loads, also rely upon their three-dimensional curvatures for structural adequacy. Fabric form, thickness and strength must match the expected loads, and all surfaces must be stretched taut to prevent the fabric flapping during high winds. Like shell structures, there is no distinction between the architectural and the structural forms.
Structural Types
SUSPENSION STRUCTURESSUSPENSION STRUCTURES
Suspension structure is structure of cables suspended and prestressed between compression members to directly support applied loads.
A VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, FRANCIS D.K. CHING
Structural Types
SUSPENSION STRUCTURESSUSPENSION STRUCTURES
...ALL THESE as applied within the contemporary architectural and engineering practice: typical working
d i h f di i d b ildidrawing sheets for a medium – sized building
In contemporary practice, a set of projects which is to be provided within the construction documentation stage consists of the
following projects: architectural project, landscape project, structural design with a static estimate and analyses, the project of electrical
supply (electrical installation) project, heating and ventilation projectand plumbing (water supply and sewerage) project.
1. “Commodity (utility)”: how does the building function?“Firmness (strength)” : how does the building stand up?
Exam preparation:
Professor’s lecture and presentationProfessor s lecture and presentation
Ching, Francis D., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997., “Arch”, pages: 12; “Beam”, pages: 15; “Building”, pages: 21-23; “Cable structure”, pages: 29; “Column”, pages: 40; “Dome” pages: 60 61; “Heating” pages:121; “House” pages:136; “Light” pages: 150; “Membrane” pages:40; Dome , pages: 60,61; Heating , pages:121; House , pages:136; Light , pages: 150; Membrane , pages: 168; “Plate”, pages: 195.; “Plumbing”, pages: 196; ”Shell”, pages: 219; “Truss”, pages 259; “Vault”, pages 262.
Neufert, E., Neufert, P., Baiche,B. , Walliman, N., Architects' Data, 3rd Edition, 2002., “Suspensioned and Tensioned Structures” pages: 88; “Space Frames: Principles” pages: 89; “Tensile andSuspensioned and Tensioned Structures , pages: 88; Space Frames: Principles , pages: 89; Tensile and
Inflatable Structures”, pages: 86; “Cable Net Structures”, pages:87; “Thermal Insulation”, pages: 111.
Further readings :
M j i ić N i K t ij l k ti it t i i ž j ih ć tiMujezinović, Nermina: Kamen – materijal kontinuiteta i izražajnih mogućnosti, Federal Ministry of Education and Science, Sarajevo, 2009.
Prepared by:
Dr Sc Nermina MujezinovićDr. Sc. Nermina Mujezinovićarchitect
Lit t th t d f l t ti / C dit & R fLiterature that was used for lecture preparation / Credits & References
Vitruvius, on Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press; William Heinemann. 1953. Charleson, A.W., Structure as Architecture, A Source Book for Archtects and Structural Engineers, Elsevier, 2005.Ching, Francis D., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997.Allen, E., How Buildings Work – The Natural Order of Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2005. Binggeli, C., Building Systems for Interior Designers, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.Mujezinović, N., Kamen – materijal kontinuiteta i izražajnih mogućnosti, Federal Ministry of Education and Science, Sarajevo, 2009. Hansbridge, J., Graphic Hiistory of Architecture, Hennessey & Ingalls, 1999.Corbeil J C ; Archambault A The Macmillan Visual Dictionary: Architecture Webster's New World; 1 Amer ed edition 1992Corbeil, J. C.; Archambault, A., The Macmillan Visual Dictionary: Architecture, Webster s New World; 1 Amer ed edition, 1992.Mehta, G.; Tada, K., Japan Style: architecture, interiors, design, Tuttle Publishing, 2005. Mostaedi, A., Design Hotels, Architectural DesignG. B. McCabe; J. R. Kennedy, Planning the Modern Public Library Building, Libraries Unlimited,2003.