intracranial dermoid cyst haemorrhage – an unusual cause

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Intracranial Dermoid Cyst Haemorrhage – an unusual cause of 6 th Cranial Nerve Palsy Dr N Tyagi, Dr K Zukhurova, Dr L Naidu CASE REPORT A 28 year old previously fit and well man was admi6ed under our care with a 3 week history of ongoing severe bandlike headaches and sudden onset of horizontal binocular diplopia worst on le@ lateral gaze. He took no regular medicaCons and had no known allergies. There was no family history of note. Clinical findings On physical examinaCon he was unable to abduct the le@ eye on le@ lateral gaze. There was no nystagmus. Pupils were equal and reacCve to light, and there was no relaCve afferent pupillary defect. There was an associated le@ sided upper motor neurone 7 th cranial nerve palsy. There was no further focal neurological deficit. Systemic examinaCon was normal. On orthopCc assessment he had 0.5 prism dioptres of diplopia on le@ lateral gaze. Hess chart has shown le@ lateral rectus muscle weakness as a result of a le@ abducens nerve palsy of recent onset. On ophthalmic examinaCon his visual acuiCes were 6/6 unaided in both eyes. There was no evidence of abnormal head posturing. Intraocular pressures were 12 mmHg in each eye . Fundoscopy was normal, with no evidence of papilloedema. Radiological findings Fig 2. Computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrates a welldefined low density brainstem lesion measuring 6 Hounsfield units (HU) consistent with fat Fig 3. MRI Head T1 weighted sagi6al image: 10mm hyperintense lesion of two different signals. Hyperintensites consistent with fat on top and blood at bo6om . Lesion located in brainstem at the level of the le@ 6 th cranial nerve nucleus Fig 4. MRI head T2 weighted axial image: Evidence of hyperintense fat level superiorly and hypointense blood level inferiorly within the cyst Fig 5. MRI head with gadolinium axial image: bright but lost differenCaCon of levels in keeping with haemorrhage. Fig 7. Diffusion Weighted Imaging: No restricCon of diffusion. No evidence of infarct or abscess. Fig 8. MRA head and neck: no relaCon of lesion to any major vessels. Management PaCent was referred for neurosurgical opinion. Unfortunately, a@er much mulCdisciplinary team (MDT) discussion, it was decided he was not a good surgical candidate due to locaCon of lesion in brainstem. He was managed conservaCvely with an occluding eye patch iniCally, then with glasses fi6ed with prisms. He had no symptomaCc improvement a@er 6 months, and repeat MRI has shown an enlargement of the dermoid cyst. There is ongoing neurology and ophthalmology input. Learning Points Dermoid cysts are rare intracranial tumours Complica7ons are related to size and loca7on Haemorrhage into dermoid cyst is an extremely rare complica7on Dermoid cysts appear hyperintense on T1 and T2 weighted MRI Surgical management is ideal but depends on its loca7on References (1) Azarmina M, Azarmina H. The Six Syndromes of the Sixth Cranial Nerve. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2013 April 2013;8(2):160171. (2) Orakcioglu B, Halatsch ME, FortunaC M, Unterberg A, Yonekawa Y. Intracranial dermoid cysts: variaCons of radiological and clinical features. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008 Dec;150(12):122734; discussion 1234. (3) Chen JC, Chen Y, Lin SM, Tseng SH. Sylvian fissure dermoid cyst with intratumoral hemorrhage: case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005 Dec;108(1):6366. (4) SanchezMejia RO, Limbo M, Tihan T, Galvez MG, Woodward MV, Gupta N. Intracranial dermoid cyst mimicking hemorrhage. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2006 Oct;105(4 Suppl):311314. (5) Alam K, Varshney M, Aziz M, Maheshwari V, Haider N, Gaur K, et al. Dermoid cyst in brain. BMJ Case reports 2011. (6) Triple6 TM, Griffith A, Hatanpaa KJ, Barne6 SL. Dermoid Cyst of the Infratemporal Fossa: Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Neurol Surg Rep 2013 12th December 2013;75(1):e33e37. (7) Mamata H, Matsumae M, Yanagimachi N, Matsuyama S, Takamiya Y, Tsugane R. Parasellar dermoid tumor with intratumoral hemorrhage. Eur Radiol 1998;8(9):15941597. (8) Luan Y, Wang H, Zhone Y, Bian X, Luo Y, Ge P. TraumaCc Hemorrhage within a Cerebellar Dermoid Cyst . Int J Med Sci 2011 5th November 2011;9(1):1113. BACKGROUND Intracranial dermoid cysts are rare benign congenital tumours that account for less than 1% of all brain neoplasms. They occur as a developmental anomaly in which embryonic ectoderm is trapped in the closing neural tube between the 5 th 6 th weeks of gestaCon. Throughout life they enlarge by desquamaCon of normal cells and secreCon of dermal elements such as fat and hair into a cysCc cavity, rather than cell division. Dermoids have epidermal contents such as hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands handle the secreCon of sebum that imparts the characterisCc appearance of these lesions on CT and MRI, as shown in this case report. Intracranial dermoid cysts are mostly asymptomaCc , but can present in first 3 decades of life due to their mass effect (e.g. compression of adjacent structures) or their rupture with leakage of sebum into subarachnoid space resulCng in asepCc meningiCs. Dermoid cysts are poorly vascularised structures, and a haemorrhage into a dermoid cyst is a very rare event. This case report describes a le@ sixth nerve palsy caused by a haemorrhage into an intracranial dermoid cyst. The CT and MRI images show the characterisCc appearances of an intracranial dermoid they have low a6enuaCon (fat density) on CT, high signal on T1 and T2 weighted MRI images and typically they do not enhance a@er contrast administraCon. Fig 1. Hess Chart DISCUSSION CT and MRI imaging are consistent with haemorrhage within an intracranial dermoid cyst at the level of 6 th cranial nerve nucleus. This is the site where the 7 th cranial nerve fibres wrap around the abducens nucleus, explaining the cause of the associated le@ facial nerve palsy in this paCent. Imaging demonstrates a fluid level (blood) inferiorly. This is a rare event due to poor vascularisaCon of dermoid cysts Surgical resecCon remains treatment of choice and histopathology would be diagnosCc. However, due to the locaCon, in this case it was not amenable for this. If surgically excised, recurrence is uncommon. The risk of malignant transformaCon is rare, but development of squamous cell carcinoma has been reported. Fig 6. T2 Gradient Echo Image demonstraCng signal dropout at the base of lesion. Consistent with blood products (haemosiderin)

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Page 1: Intracranial Dermoid Cyst Haemorrhage – an unusual cause

Intracranial Dermoid Cyst Haemorrhage – an unusual cause of 6th Cranial Nerve Palsy

Dr N Tyagi, Dr K Zukhurova, Dr L Naidu

CASE  REPORT  A  28  year  old  previously  fit  and  well  man  was  admi6ed  under  our  care  with  a  3  week  history  of  ongoing  severe  band-­‐like  headaches  and  sudden  onset  of  horizontal  binocular  diplopia  worst  on  le@  lateral  gaze.  He  took  no  regular  medicaCons  and  had  no  known  allergies.  There  was  no  family  history  of  note.        

Clinical  findings  On  physical  examinaCon  he  was  unable  to  abduct  the  le@  eye  on  le@  lateral  gaze.  There  was  no  nystagmus.  Pupils  were  equal  and  reacCve  to  light,  and  there  was  no  relaCve  afferent  pupillary  defect.  There  was  an  associated  le@  sided  upper  motor  neurone  7th  cranial  nerve  palsy.  There  was  no  further  focal  neurological  deficit.    Systemic  examinaCon  was  normal.  On  orthopCc  assessment  he  had  0.5  prism  dioptres  of    diplopia  on  le@  lateral  gaze.  Hess  chart  has  shown  le@  lateral  rectus  muscle  weakness  as  a  result  of  a  le@  abducens  nerve  palsy  of    recent  onset.  On  ophthalmic  examinaCon  his  visual  acuiCes  were  6/6  unaided  in  both  eyes.  There  was  no  evidence  of  abnormal  head  posturing.    Intraocular  pressures  were  12  mmHg  in  each  eye  .  Fundoscopy  was  normal,  with  no  evidence  of  papilloedema.      

Radiological  findings                                                                                                              

         

     

Fig  2.  Computed  tomography  (CT)  scan  demonstrates  a  well-­‐defined  low  density  brainstem  lesion  measuring  -­‐6  Hounsfield  units  (HU)  consistent  with  fat    

Fig  3.  MRI  Head  T1  weighted  sagi6al  image:    10mm  hyperintense  lesion  of  two  different  signals.  Hyperintensites  consistent  with  fat  on  top  and  blood  at  bo6om  .  Lesion  located  in  brainstem  at  the  level  of  the  le@  6th  cranial  nerve  nucleus    

Fig  4.  MRI  head  T2  weighted  axial  image:  Evidence  of  hyperintense  fat  level  superiorly  and  hypointense  blood  level  inferiorly  within  the  cyst  

Fig  5.  MRI  head  with  gadolinium  axial  image:  bright  but  lost  differenCaCon  of  levels  in  keeping  with  haemorrhage.    

Fig  7.  Diffusion  Weighted  Imaging:  No  restricCon  of  diffusion.  No  evidence  of  infarct  or  abscess.  

Fig  8.  MRA  head  and  neck:  no  relaCon  of  lesion  to  any  major  vessels.    

Management  PaCent  was  referred  for  neurosurgical  opinion.  Unfortunately,  a@er  much  mulC-­‐disciplinary  team  (MDT)  discussion,  it  was  decided  he  was  not  a  good  surgical  candidate  due  to  locaCon  of  lesion  in  brainstem.  He  was  managed  conservaCvely  with    an  occluding  eye  patch  iniCally,  then    with  glasses  fi6ed  with  prisms.  He  had  no  symptomaCc  improvement  a@er  6  months,  and  repeat  MRI    has  shown  an  enlargement  of  the  dermoid  cyst.    There  is  ongoing  neurology  and  ophthalmology  input.  

Learning  Points  -­‐Dermoid  cysts  are  rare  intracranial  tumours  -­‐Complica7ons  are  related  to  size  and  loca7on  -­‐Haemorrhage  into  dermoid  cyst  is  an  extremely  rare  complica7on  -­‐Dermoid  cysts  appear  hyperintense  on  T1  and  T2  weighted  MRI    -­‐Surgical  management  is  ideal  but  depends  on  its  loca7on    

References  (1)  Azarmina  M,  Azarmina  H.  The  Six  Syndromes  of  the  Sixth  Cranial  Nerve.  J  Ophthalmic  Vis  Res  2013  April  2013;8(2):160-­‐171.  (2)  Orakcioglu  B,  Halatsch  ME,  FortunaC  M,  Unterberg  A,  Yonekawa  Y.  Intracranial  dermoid  cysts:  variaCons  of  radiological  and  clinical  features.  Acta  Neurochir  (Wien)  2008  Dec;150(12):1227-­‐34;  discussion  1234.  (3)  Chen  JC,  Chen  Y,  Lin  SM,  Tseng  SH.  Sylvian  fissure  dermoid  cyst  with  intratumoral  hemorrhage:  case  report.  Clin  Neurol  Neurosurg  2005  Dec;108(1):63-­‐66.  (4)  Sanchez-­‐Mejia  RO,  Limbo  M,  Tihan  T,  Galvez  MG,  Woodward  MV,  Gupta  N.  Intracranial  dermoid  cyst  mimicking  hemorrhage.  Case  report  and  review  of  the  literature.  J  Neurosurg  2006  Oct;105(4  Suppl):311-­‐314.  (5)  Alam  K,  Varshney  M,  Aziz  M,  Maheshwari  V,  Haider  N,  Gaur  K,  et  al.  Dermoid  cyst  in  brain.  BMJ  Case  reports  2011.  (6)  Triple6  TM,  Griffith  A,  Hatanpaa  KJ,  Barne6  SL.  Dermoid  Cyst  of  the  Infratemporal  Fossa:  Case  Report  and  Review  of  the  Literature.  J  Neurol  Surg  Rep  2013  12th  December  2013;75(1):e33-­‐e37.  (7)  Mamata  H,  Matsumae  M,  Yanagimachi  N,  Matsuyama  S,  Takamiya  Y,  Tsugane  R.  Parasellar  dermoid  tumor  with  intra-­‐tumoral  hemorrhage.  Eur  Radiol  1998;8(9):1594-­‐1597.  (8)  Luan  Y,  Wang  H,  Zhone  Y,  Bian  X,  Luo  Y,  Ge  P.  TraumaCc  Hemorrhage  within  a  Cerebellar  Dermoid  Cyst      .  Int  J  Med  Sci  2011  5th  November  2011;9(1):11-­‐13.    

BACKGROUND    

Intracranial  dermoid  cysts  are  rare  benign  congenital  tumours  that  account  for  less  than  1%  of  all  brain  neoplasms.  They  occur  as  a  developmental  anomaly  in  which  embryonic  ectoderm  is  trapped  in  the  closing  neural  tube  between  the  5th-­‐6th  weeks  of  gestaCon.  Throughout  life  they  enlarge  by  desquamaCon  of  normal  cells  and  secreCon  of  dermal  elements  such  as  fat  and  hair  into  a  cysCc  cavity,  rather  than  cell  division.  Dermoids  have  epidermal  contents  such  as  hair  follicles,  sweat  and  sebaceous  glands.  The  sebaceous  glands  handle  the  secreCon  of  sebum  that  imparts  the  characterisCc  appearance  of  these  lesions  on  CT  and  MRI,  as  shown  in  this  case  report.    Intracranial  dermoid  cysts  are    mostly  asymptomaCc  ,  but  can  present  in  first  3  decades  of  life  due  to  their  mass  effect  (e.g.  compression  of  adjacent  structures)    or  their  rupture  with  leakage  of  sebum  into  subarachnoid  space  resulCng  in  asepCc  meningiCs.  Dermoid  cysts  are  poorly  vascularised  structures,  and  a  haemorrhage  into  a  dermoid  cyst  is  a  very  rare  event.  This  case  report  describes  a  le@  sixth  nerve  palsy    caused  by  a  haemorrhage  into  an  intracranial  dermoid  cyst.    The  CT  and  MRI  images  show  the  characterisCc  appearances  of  an  intracranial  dermoid    -­‐    they  have  low  a6enuaCon  (fat  density)  on  CT,  high  signal  on  T1-­‐  and  T2-­‐weighted  MRI  images  and  typically  they  do  not  enhance  a@er  contrast  administraCon.      

Fig  1.  Hess  Chart  

DISCUSSION  -­‐CT  and  MRI  imaging  are  consistent  with  haemorrhage  within  an  intracranial  dermoid  cyst  at  the  level  of  6th    cranial  nerve  nucleus.  This  is  the  site  where  the  7th  cranial  nerve  fibres  wrap  around  the  abducens  nucleus,  explaining  the  cause  of  the  associated  le@  facial  nerve  palsy  in  this  paCent.  -­‐Imaging  demonstrates  a  fluid  level  (blood)  inferiorly.  This  is  a  rare  event  due  to  poor  vascularisaCon  of  dermoid  cysts    -­‐Surgical  resecCon  remains  treatment  of  choice  and  histopathology  would  be  diagnosCc.  However,  due  to  the  locaCon,  in  this  case  it  was  not  amenable  for  this.  If  surgically  excised,  recurrence  is  uncommon.  The  risk  of  malignant  transformaCon  is  rare,  but  development  of  squamous  cell  carcinoma  has  been  reported.    

Fig  6.  T2  Gradient  Echo  Image  demonstraCng  signal  dropout  at  the  base  of  lesion.  Consistent  with  blood  products  (haemosiderin)