intro 1mralarcon.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/1/0/11107548/... · 1990s, and market activities were...
TRANSCRIPT
Intro 1
Chapter Objectives
Describe traditional and modern economic activities in
Southeast Asia.
Explain the kinds of human–environmental interactions that
occur in Southeast Asia, and the challenges that the region
faces.
Living in South Asia
Section 3
Objectives
Explain why rice farming is the most important agricultural
activity in Southeast Asia.
Examine why the countries in the region are industrializing
at different rates.
Discuss how the economies of Southeast Asia are becoming
more interdependent.
Terms to Know
Paddy
sickle
subsistence crop
cash crop
lode
Interdependent
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
free port
A Geographic View
Geographic Literacy
Before 1940, Myanmar–then British-ruled Burma–benefited
from rice exports. Freedom came in 1948, followed by the
military’s seizure of power in the 1960s. The military’s policy
of a government-run economy proved disastrous by the
1990s, and market activities were allowed to resume. Harsh
treatment of pro-democracy groups, however, has kept
foreign investment low, and Myanmar today remains
economically poor.
Agriculture
Rice Cultivation Rice is the region’s chief crop and a major
food source and export.
Farmers grow rice on more than half of the region’s arable
land.
Growing rice on terraced farms takes advantage of as much
of the limited land as possible.
Flooded rivers and abundant rain provide a climate in which
rice thrives.
Many farmers plant and harvest rice by hand.
Agriculture
Agriculture Other Crops
Yams, corn, bananas, and other food crops are popular in areas
too dry for rice farming.
Some Indonesians raise cassava, an edible root easier to grow
than rice.
Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia lead the world in natural
rubber production.
The Philippines is a major producer of coconuts and sugarcane
These cash crops are grown on large plantations.
Forests and Mines The forestry industry is vital to the economies of several Southeast Asian
countries.
Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand export hard woods from their forests.
Problems resulting from excessive logging and the deforestation present a challenge in the region.
Mineral Wealth
Southeast Asia’s rich deposits of tin, iron, manganese, and tungsten are a major source of export income.
Indonesia and Brunei produce oil, natural gas, and petroleum products.
Indonesia is one of the top 10 producers in OPEC.
Forest and Mines
Forest Mines
Papua’s Resources Indonesia’s Papua region is a source of
timber, gold, natural gas, oil, and minerals.
The Indonesian government allows many international
countries to exploit these resources.
Pro-independence groups claim, however, that the
government has invested little in improving health,
education, and public services.
Industry Industrial growth rates vary widely in Southeast Asia.
Although Laos and Cambodia are mainly agricultural, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are major industrializing countries.
Manufacturing industries include textiles, clothing, and automobiles.
Southeast Asia enjoyed an economic boom during the 1980s and early 1990s.
In the late 1990s, debt, political corruption, and financial mismanagement led to an economic crisis.
Since the crisis, some countries have had to balance industrial growth with investment in such traditional economic activities as agriculture and fish farming.
Industry
Industry Singapore and Malaysia
Singapore has the region’s most developed economy. Its location and harbors make it a major port and manufacturing
center. Singapore’s government has followed policies favoring economic
growth. Singapore has invested in education so that industries will profit from
having skilled and educated workers. Malaysia, long known for its production of natural rubber and palm
oil, has begun to diversify its exports with products such as electronics and electrical products, chemicals, cement, and processed foods.
Malaysia has also developed heavy industry that produces steel and automobiles.
The country is the world’s largest exporter of microchips.
Industry Less Industrialized Countries
Indonesia is an exporter of raw materials and an importer of manufactured goods.
Recent political instability and population increases have slowed Indonesia’s economic growth.
Its labor force currently lacks the technical skills and knowledge required for industrialization.
Therefore, Indonesia depends on foreign aid and investment to develop its industry.
The economies of Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar have grown slowly because of wars and geographic and political isolation.
The lack of a trained work force, up-to-date equipment, and adequate transportation also have hindered economic development in these lands.
Interdependence
Southeast Asian countries are beginning to work together
more closely for their common good. The Asian
Development Bank (ADB) provides loans to member
countries to develop their economies. The Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an economic and
political alliance that promotes economic growth and cultural
exchanges.
Interdependence
Transportation
Southeast Asia’s landforms, islands, long coastlines, and many
rivers make water transportation the most common way to
move people and goods in the region.
As the crossroads of major ocean trade routes, Southeast Asia
has major ports such as Jakarta and Palembang in Indonesia,
the city of Singapore, and Manila in the Philippines.
Transportation
Communication
Communications systems depend on a country’s level of
industrialization.
In general, people in urbanized or developed areas have access
to good communication systems, but people in rural or less
developed areas have little access.
Internet and wireless communications have helped Southeast
Asian economies.
Governments in the region own radio and television stations.
Most people own radios, but television sets are less common.
Communications
People and their Environment
Section 2
Objectives
Identify dangers posed by volcanoes, floods, and typhoons in
Southeast Asia.
Describe how economic progress has increased
environmental pollution in the region.
Discuss the efforts underway to protect the environment in
Southeast Asia
Terms to Know
Cyclone
Typhoon
Shifting Cultivation
Geographic View
Geographic Literacy
Along coastal regions of northern Java in Indonesia, villagers
have created ponds in the salty tidal waters of mangrove
forests. In recent years, these ponds–used for farming fish
and prawns–have been expanded into nearby inland paddies.
There mechanical pumps mix seawater and freshwater that
help fish and prawns produce in abundance.
Nature’s Might Much of Southeast Asia is part of the Ring of Fire and is subject to
earthquakes and volcanic activity. Flash floods and typhoons occur
periodically. Natural disasters and their effects are part of everyday
life in many parts of Southeast Asia.
Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions are common throughout the region.
The Mayon Volcano in the Philippines erupted in 1993 and again in
2000.
Mount Pinatubo, also in the Philippines, erupted in 1991, killing
about 800 people.
Gunung Agung, a towering volcano on the Indonesian island of
Bali, last erupted in 1963, killing more than 1,500 people.
Nature’s Might Floods and Typhoons
Flash floods in Southeast Asia kill hundreds of people and devastate 10 million acres (4 million ha) of crops every year.
Deforestation has made flooding more severe.
The rivers of mainland Southeast Asia flood every year with the change of the seasons.
Some sections of Bangkok, which is built on unstable land, sink more than 25 inches (64 cm) each year during the floods.
Cyclones and typhoons often smash through Southeast Asia, causing serious damage.
Thailand is beginning to build dams to prevent typhoon-related flooding.
Nature’s Might
Environmental Problems Cities
Economic growth in Southeast Asia stresses environmental
resources.
As industrial output increases, the standard of living has risen,
but industrial pollution also has affected many areas.
Growing populations and crowded urban conditions raise
concerns about adequate housing, water supplies, sanitation,
and traffic control.
In Singapore, strictly enforced environmental laws keep the city
extremely clean, making it an exception in Southeast Asia.
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Pollution Rural Areas
In some parts of Southeast Asia, pollution extends into the
countryside, including national parks.
Volcanic eruptions and forest fires cause pollution in rural areas,
sometimes affecting cities as well.
Logging Farming, and Mining
Deforestation Deforestation is a major concern throughout
Southeast Asia.
Commercial logging provides the timber that is a chief
export in the region; it also leaves soil exposed to erosion.
Slash-and-burn agriculture and the clearing of land for large
plantations have also damaged forests.
Mining The mining of valuable minerals and metals has led to
environmental abuses, such as the dumping of rock waste in
rivers and forests.
Environmental Protection
Some Southeast Asian countries have limited certain timber
exports and have begun reforestation programs.
Malaysia has a long history of preserving and managing its
rain forests.
The country still has half of its rain forest cover.
Some countries in the region have begun planned migration
or resettlement programs.
Environmental Protection
Environmental Protection
The Laotian government has tried to resettle highlands
people in fertile areas to avoid the problems of shifting
farming. Indonesia is planning to move people from crowded
islands to less-populated Papua.
Scientists are discussing ways to combat the warming of
Bangkok, including the establishment of green zones in the
city and the banning of skyscrapers near the sea, allowing
winds to blow farther into the city and provide more
ventilation.
Environmental Protection
Section 1 - Summary
Agriculture is the leading economic activity in Southeast
Asia.
The countries of the region are industrializing at different
rates, which causes great variation in economies,
occupations, transportation, and communications.
Through ASEAN and other organizations that were formed
to promote regional development and trade, the countries of
Southeast Asia are becoming more interdependent.
Section 2 – Summary
Volcanic eruptions, flash floods, and typhoons have serious
effects on Southeast Asians’ lives.
Industrialization and economic development in Southeast
Asia often result in the pollution of air, land, and water.
The region’s countries are taking steps to protect the
environment.