intro to environmental evidence
TRANSCRIPT
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Evidence in Prosecutions: Sampling and Analysis
CEC November 18, 2008
Dianne Saxe, Ph.D. in Law
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November 18, 2008 Dianne Saxe 2
Overview Sampling Analysis Reporting Special Cases
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Reliable results Clear official rules Thorough training Meticulous attention to detail
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Adequate samples? How many samples?
Statistically valid? Correct locations? Correct tool? Correct container? Quantity?
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Samples representative? Cross contamination? Purged/ non purged? Multiple layers/ levels? Time of year? Composite samples? Capture volatiles? Limited access?
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Heterogeneous solids Difficult to sample accurately Especially mixed wastes Must match statutory test
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Selecting samples for analysis For what parameters? Are correct samples analysed? Field evidence reasonable?
Preserved?
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What happens to the sample? Correctly preserved? Correctly transported? Chain of custody? Proper record keeping?
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Analysis Lab qualified for that particular analysis? Qualified analyst? Using correct method? Sample suitable?
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Lab Sample Preparation Timeliness Refrigeration Manipulation
Fletcher v. Kingston Inco
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Appropriate test? Bulk analysis Leachate Flammability Toxicity Odour
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Quality assurance/ control QA/ QC Field blanks Travel blanks Duplicates Calibration
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Reliability of result Good record keeping? False precision?
Method detection limit Dilution/ masking
Judgment required?
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Reporting Official certificate
Correct form, correctly completed? Chain of custody Statute may make admissible
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Appropriate benchmark Often contentious Especially if drawing on other jurisdictions Statute may determine
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Relevance of result Background? Natural variability? Forms of contaminant
Arsenic/ arsenate Chromium: hexavalent v trivalent
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Special cases: Field variables Noise/ Vibration Odour Lay Evidence
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Field variables: pH Temperature Volatiles Opacity Wind direction/ speed
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Noise/ Vibration Completely different Unique expertise and equipment Measured on site Logarithmic scale Excess over background? Level, impulse, tone
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Odour Samples taken Panel of “trained noses” Reproducibility? “Odour units” Detection/ identification/ objection Strong emotional element
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Lay evidence Accurate record keeping? Credible? Independent? Corroboration
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November 18, 2008 Dianne Saxe 22
Reliable results Clear official rules Thorough training Meticulous attention to detail
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Thank you!!
Saxe Law Office248 Russell Hill Road
Toronto, Ontario M4V 2T2
Tel: 416-962-5882
Fax: 416-962-8817
Email: [email protected]
www.envirolaw.com