intro to geography: south america
TRANSCRIPT
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South America
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Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Physiographic Boundaries
• North-Caribbean Sea • East- Atlantic Ocean• West- Pacific Ocean• South- Southern (Antarctic) Ocean
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Climate
• Longest span from N to S• Wide range of climates– Tropical to tundra
• Altiplanos- high altitude valleys of the Andes Mts.
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Southern Oscillation
• Reversing air pressure between the eastern and western tropical Pacific
• Normal conditions• Ocean temps impact
weather patterns
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ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation)
• El Niño – Warming of ocean
waters in the east Pacific
– Nutrient rich waters are deeper, impacts on fishing industry
– Dry to the east (Indonesia) and rainy to the west (S. America)
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ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation)
• La Niña – Cooling of ocean waters
in the east Pacific
– Upwelling of nutrient rich cold waters
– More rain than usual to the west (Indonesia) and drier than usual to the east (S. America)
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Physiographic Features
• Amazon River Basin– Greatest discharge
volume of any river in the world!
– Basin covers 40% of the continent
– Over 1100 tributaries
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Physiographic Features
• Amazon River– ~2000 miles long
• 2nd longest river
– During flood season can have a width of 30 miles or more
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Physiographic Features
• Amazon Rainforest (Amazonia)– Largest rainforest in the world!– Thousands of endemic plant and animal species,
and millions of insects– “lungs” of the world
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Environmental Issues
• Deforestation– Rainforest of northern
Brazil– Slash and Burn– Area the size of Ohio lost
annually since the 1980’s
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Physiographic Features• Angel Falls (Salto Angel)– Tallest waterfall in the world
(3200 ft.)– Venezuela
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Physiographic Features• Atacama Desert– Driest place in the world (non-polar)– Avg. rainfall ~0.5 inches per year– Ideal for stargazing!
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Physiographic Features
• Atacama Desert
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Physiographic Features
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Physiographic Features
• Patagonia– Cool and dry desert and steppe– Rain shadow
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Tectonic Setting
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Tectonic Setting
• Largest recorded earthquake• Chile, 1960• Magnitude 9.5• Killed 1,655• Resulting tsunami killed people across the Pacific
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Tectonic Setting
• Andes Mountains– Longest mountain chain on Earth (5000 miles!)– Highest in the Americas– Active volcanoes
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Geologic Resources
• Precious metals in the Andes– Copper in the Atacama Desert
• Oil off the coast of Brazil and in Venezuela
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Human Geography
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Indigenous Peoples
• Inca Empire (1200-1535)
• Based in Peru• Expert builders– Machu Picchu
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Colonialism
• Iberian Invasion– Spain to the west and
Portugal to the East
• Pizarro, of Spain, defeated the Inca– High volume of silver
and gold
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Colonialism
• Why was European colonialism/conquest so successful?– Guns, Germs, and Steel• Jared Diamond
– Based on geography!
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Colonialism
• Devastation of Amerindian and Amazonian peoples
• Plantation agriculture brought slaves from Africa– Mostly to Brazil
• After emancipation, arrival of immigrant workers from Asia
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Cultural Regions
• Amerindians, Europeans, Africans, and Asians
• Mosaic- clusters of culture without mixing
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Independence
• Wars with Iberian countries (1808-1838)– Spanish American Wars
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)• Simon Bolivar
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Population
• Almost half of the population is located in Brazil
• Most population is concentrated around the periphery
• Remnants of the Inca
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Agriculture
• Mix of;
– Commercial agricultural legacy from the Europeans
– Subsistence agriculture for household use
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Drug Trade
• All cocaine in the U.S. comes from this region
• Industry employs thousands and brings in billions of $U.S.
• Distribution through Mexico (NAFTA)
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Economic Growth
• Brazil (one of the BRIC’s) is one of the worlds emerging markets
• S. American growth is hindered by an early lack of integration– Populations were isolated along the coastline– Progress is being made
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Free Trade
• Multiple proposed/developed trade alliances throughout the continent
• UNASUR (Union of S. American Nations)- similar to EU– Coordinated defense– Single passport– cooperation
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Urbanization
• Rural to Urban migration in search of;– Better economic opportunity– Education– Health care
– Barrios/ Favelas- Slums/shantytowns are the initial destination for most
– Multiple megacities (population > 10 million)
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Regions of South America
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Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Caribbean North
• Columbia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana
• Mostly north of the equator
• Oil and gas reserves
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Colombia
• History of conflict– Insurgent states
• Population is clustered and isolated
• Drug economy– Weakened legitimate
economy
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Venezuela
• Oil based economy
• Recent expansion of cocaine distribution
• Hugo Chávez– Government reform– “Social equality”
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Colombia and Venezuela
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The Guianas
• British, Dutch, and French control
• French Guiana still a colony
• Coastal, plantation agriculture
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Andean West
• Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay
• Strong indigenous heritage– 45% in Peru– 55% in Bolivia
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Andean West
• Poorest region
• Still ruled by European descendants, Mestizo– Social stratification– Evo Morales, first indigenous president in Bolivia
• Drug economy• New oil discoveries
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Peru and Bolivia
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A Week of Groceries- Ecuador
$ 31.55
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Southern Cone
• Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay
• South of Tropic of Capricorn
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Southern Cone
• Dominated by European ethnic groups
• Commercial Region– Most developed and globalized countries
– Mercosur- 2nd largest trading block behind NAFTA
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Argentina
• Population concentrated in the Pampa region
• 91% population in urban areas
• History of affluence
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Cities• Buenos Aires• Population > 14 million• 1/3 of countries
population• European style
architecture
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Argentina
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Brazil
• Half of territory and population
• Economic leader of region– BRIC country
• Portuguese, Africa, and indigenous ethnicities
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Brazil
• Renewable Energy – Hydroelectricity– Gasohol- Ethanol
(sugarcane) mixed with petroleum
• Non-renewable energy– Large gas deposits
discovered
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Brazil
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Cities • São Paulo• Population > 26 million– Largest city in the
Americas
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Cities
• Rio de Janeiro• Population > 12 million• Social disparity• Tourist destination– World Cup and Olympics