intro to psychology history & approaches. psychology….a short history and a long past. stand...
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Intro to Psychology
History &
Approaches
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Psychology….A short history and a long past.
• Stand Alone discipline for 120 years.
• Science of behavior and mental processes
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Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are inborn, innate
The mind is a blank slate, ideas grow from experience
Socrates (469-399 B.C.)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Plato (428-348 B.C.) Locke (1632-1704)
How are ideas formed?
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Psychological Science is Born
• Wilhelm Wundt– Late 1800’s– 1st Psychology Lab– Father of Modern Psychology
– Seeking to measure reflexes vs. conscious
awareness.
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Early Schools of ThoughtStructuralism/Functionalism
• Structuralism– What is consciousness?
– Edward Titchener
– Introspection
• Functionalism– Why do we have consciousness?
– William James
– 1s psych textbook
A rose:
Red
Silky
Aromatic
SoftWhat are your immediate sensations?
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What the heck do you see?
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Wave Two: Gestalt
• Gestalt Psychology• Max Wertheimer (1880-
1943)• Examine a person’s whole
experience.• The whole is more than the
sum of its individual parts.• Gestalt Therapy
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Wave Three: Psychoanalysis
• Freud (1856-1939)
• Psychoanalytic Theory
• CriticsUnscientific
Unverifiable theories
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Wave Four: Behaviorism
• John Watson (1878-1958) (founder)
• B.F. Skinner (reinforcement)
• Limit studies to what can be observed
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Modern Approaches/Perspectives
• Evolutionary
• Biological
• Cognitive
• Behavioral
• Psychoanalytical
• Humanistic Approach
• Cross-Cultural
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Evolutionary Approach
• Focus: How nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of one’s genes.
• Influenced by Charles Darwin
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Psychoanalytical Approach• Focus: How behavior
springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
• Early Childhood
• Dreams
• Sigmund Freud
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Biological Approach• Focus: How the
body and brain create emotion, memories, and sensory experiences.
• Brain structures, blood chemistry, neural communication.
• Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga, Paul Broca
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Cognitive Approach
• Focus: How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
• Jean Piaget, Elizabeth Loftus, Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Behavioral Approach• Focus: Learning
based on how a behavior is rewarded or punished.
• John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
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Humanistic Approach
• Focus: Emphasizes that we have great freedom in directing our future, a large capacity for growth, intrinsic worth, and self-actualization.
• Abraham Maslow
• Carl Rogers
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Social-Cultural Approach• Focus: How
behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
• Albert Bandura, Phillip Zimbardo
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Goals of Psychology
D e sc rib e d iffe re n tw a ys o rg a n ism s
b eh ave .
E xp la in theca u se s o fb e h av io r
P re d ic t h owo rg a n ism s w ill
b e ha ve in ce rta ins itu a tio n s.
C o n tro l a n o rg an ism 'sb e h av io r
P sych o lo g y is a S ys te m a tic , sc ie n tif ics tu dy o f be h av io rs
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Where Do Psychologists Work?
• 49% Private Practice-Therapy Setting-Clinical Psychologist
• 28% Academic Setting- Research (Basic/Applied, Professor)
• 13% Variety –(Social Work, Group Home Coordinator)
• 6% Industrial/Organization Setting (Production Manager)
• 4% Secondary Schools-(School Psychologist/Counselor)
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