intro to sociology applying conflict theory, structural functionalism theory and symbolic...
TRANSCRIPT
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Intro to SociologyCounselling Tutorial
Applying Conflict theory, Structural Functionalism theory & Symbolic Interactionism theory to
Māori Crime
Dr Rawiri Waretini-Karena
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Learning Outcome• Outline a selected social issue and use statistics to demonstrate why
it is an issue in the New Zealand context.• Identify and summarise the key concepts of each of the three core
sociological perspectives• Explain the selected social issue from the structural functionalist
perspective• Explain the selected social issue from the Conflict theory perspective• Explain the selected social issue from the symbolic interactionist
perspective• Identify impacts for Māori
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Māori Crime• What is your understanding of Māori crime?
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Definition• Crime is a behaviour that breaks the formal written laws of
a society.• If someone commits a crime they can be arrested,
charged, and prosecuted. Actions can be illegal but not deviant.
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• Māori crime highlights criminal behaviour towards NZ law and order whose legislative positioning has not taken into account historical contexts in New Zealand society
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Māori Crime a fact of life• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYlWLJ0lvfc&list=PLEUXiVJriwFlm
0tqIpvqpxUeBYCs7SCg3
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Discussion• What are key points in this video?
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• From 1997 Māori apprehensions increased by 10% where as total apprehensions only increased by 4%
• Although Māori were 13% population in 2006 they accounted for 43% of all police apprehensions
• 72% Māori apprehensions were resolved by prosecution compared to 66% NZ European• 13% Māori convicted received custodial sentences compared to 8% NZ European• Māori account for 54% in remand compared to 30% NZ European and 9% Pacifica
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Māori crime statistics• Area
1. Prison 2. Young offenders3. Violent crimes4. Dishonesty
offences
• Percentage
1.While only 14.5 % of the NZ population make up over 50% of the prison population for males and 60% prison population for females
2.20% will continue crime into adulthood
3.Increased from 10.3 % in 2002-3 to 11.6 % in 2004-5
4.Make up 60% of all Māori crime
(NZ Herald, 2005)
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ProfessorGreg Newbold
Western culture
Doctorate
CriminologistSociologist
Canterbury University
Newbold’s authority
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Discussion• When you are dealing with someone who holds the
qualifications Professor Newbold holds, what impressions do you gain?
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Structural Functionalism• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jOZqVnQmdY
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Discussion• What are key points in this video?
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NZ Governor General
NZ Cabinet NZ Parliament Judicial
NZ Business Round Table
Working Class
The application of dominant ideologies – influence through institutional power
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Quote• Giddens (2002) conveys that; “power is the ability of individuals
or groups to make their own interests or concerns count” (p. 421).
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DominantDiscourseideologies
Norms
Assumptions/ stereo types
Myths
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Structural Functionalism summary• Attitudes of structural functionalists are traditional and up hold the status
quo of the dominant discourse • Structural functionalists believe in efficiency, and that due to society
running a certain way for a long time that it is efficient and- must be adhered to
• Perceptions of a person are not based on their skill level but other perceptions ie; gender, age, culture.
• Traditional biases such as money plus wealth= success= power also play a role in the way structural functionalists view society
• Cultural revolution & social change challenges the status quo perspective of structural functionalists
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Conflict theory• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_c2p0Y7mgU
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Discussion• What are key points in this video?
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UpperClass
Middle Class
Working class
Creates industry
Implements social infrastructure
Keeps working classIn line
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Conflict theory summary• Conflict theory argues that inequalities of groups in society evolved
through feudalism, capitalism and socialism concepts of the economic system
• It establishes that classism exists where the rich get richer by stacking the economic system in their favour, and the poor get poorer due to being impacted by the decisions the upper class implements to gain more production at less cost
• To mitigate tension between the upper and lower class, a middle class was created
• The middle class acts as a buffer between the upper class and the working class
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Conflict theory summaryanother point to consider is….• The wealthy (National & international Corporations) do not contribute
to New Zealand taxes due to their perception of creating industry• The wealthy (National & international Corporations) have an ability to
move their wealth around and use loop holes to get around taxes• The middle class (You and I ) pay from 28%-35% tax upholding both
the upper and working class system
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Symbolic Interactionism• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFQIIM8IRZU
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Discussion• What did you gain about Symbolic Interactionism from this video?
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Conflict Theory perspective
Structural Functionalism perspective Symbolic Interactionism perspective
Conflict theoryThese people do not contribute to society throughEmployment, do not pay taxes, and represent a burden on the economic system
Symbolic InteractionismThese people are anti social, would notLike to meet in a dark alley, aredisrespectful to society, are well represented in gangs, drugs,violence and criminal activity
Structural FunctionalismTheir behaviour and what they represent falls outside of what isconsidered normal and propersocietal behaviour
Māori Crime
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Symbolic Interactionism summaryIt explains the individual in society based on what they representIt explains concepts of social order and changePeople can change based on their interaction to jobs, ideas, other people1. We act based on the meaning we give to something2. We give meaning to things based on social interaction3. Some thing we give meaning to, may have a different meaning to
others4. The meaning we give something is not permanent it can be changed
due to every day life
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Impact for Māori
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Discussion• What are impacts for Māori?
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Māori Crime
perspective impacts
Structural FunctionalismTheir behaviour and what they represent is considered indicative of the entire Māori race
Symbolic InteractionismBecause of what Māori crime represents in society, none of them can be trusted
Conflict theory It is because of what Māori represent in society that makes
them inferior, so therefore can only be given limited employment opportunities that best support their disposition * Rural to urban migration – Factories, contract
work, labouring positions
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Things not taken into consideration• All three theories are based on Western dominant discourses• They do not take into account Te Tiriti o Waitangi, partnership,
protection, participation• Māori worldviews• Histories before Te Tiriti o Waitangi was signed• The aftermath of war, legislative violations and confiscation of land• While compensation has been financial, the psychological impacts
that have spilled over from previous generations have not been addressed
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Quote• Central to this story is the appropriation and alienation of almost 95% of
Māori land from the 19th century well into the twentieth century.• The treaty settlement process has provided an important form of
redress, acknowledging that the NZ Crown’s acquisition of land was often flawed ‘to a lesser degree’ and the excessive land loss had a harmful effect on Māori social and economic development in general.
• Settlements to date have produced compensation of about 1.48 billion, an amount that has to be considered against the impact of the almost total loss of an economic base for over more than a century
(Rashbrooke, M, 2013, p. 4)
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Analysis of three theories• Structural functionalism applies institutional racism due to only
taking into account perspectives that uphold status quos of the dominant discourse
• Conflict theory implemented societal racism by keeping Māori out of the economic system for over 100 years
• Symbolic interactionism applies personal racism by subjugating Māori to inferior positions based on the way Māori are perceived institutionally.
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Ramifications• Structural functionalist perspectives create laws that limit the
capacity for Māori to make a living ie No customary Māori land is allowed to be developed, banks or finance companies will not lend out loans against customary Māori land.
• Traditional Māori knowledge and customary healing practices ( etc rongoa) are considered alternative and not supported in main stream curriculum
• The foundation of Te Tiriti o Waitangi that gives credence to both Tangata Whenua and Tangata Tiriti is not part of NZ Legal infrastructure
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Analysis of Māori crime• All Māori who commit crimes are responsible for their actions• Underlying themes behind Māori crime are also interwoven with NZ’s
colonial history• Māori crime is a by-product of poverty that can also be
intergenerational• Māori crime stems from the destruction of Māori traditional society
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Destruction of Māori society• Bedggood (1978) argues that “the penetration of the capitalist mode
of production and the destruction of the Māori occurred at three levels, economic, political and ideological”... The use of state force to break the elders control of Māori society was necessary... By the destruction of Māori society the state, as midwife of history, introduced the capitalist mode of production in New Zealand”(p. 286).
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Responding to Professor Greg Newbold• Uses two sociological theories to validate his statements about Māori
crime. They are;• Labelling theory• Deviance theory
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Labelling theory• Giddens (2002) explains : “labelling theorists neglect the processes
that leads to acts defined as deviant (p.211)
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Deviance theory• Giddens (2002) Conflict theorists argue that, individuals actively
choose to engage in deviant behaviour in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system (p. 212).
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Sociology theories to justify discrimination
Deviance theory Labelling theory
Symbolic interaction theory
Structural Functionalism theory
Deficit Theories
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QuoteReid (2013) argues that; discrimination is a socially structured and
sanctioned phenomenon... Intended to maintain privileges for members of dominant groups at the cost of deprivation for others (p.31).
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Moana Jackson• Young Māori ... are the beneficiary
of past racial policies and the victim of present racial attitudes. Young Māori are a people moulded in their perceptions and behaviours by the consequences of those policies and attitudes because “the circumstances that destroy a culture are the circumstances that induce crime” (Netter, 1978, cited in Jackson, 1988). Moana Jackson
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Pūtaketanga Theory
• Pū= Origin Take= Issue Tanga= action• It is the process of tracking an issue back to its origin
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Underlying theorists• Dr Rapata Wiri advocates that mātauranga Māori perspectives
should have a whakapapa, and be based on tikanga Māori principles and values.
• Dr Jacquelyn Elkington & Dr Jenny Bol Jun Lee advocate that Pūrākau from a counselling & educational perspective peels back layers of stories
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Pūtaketanga Theory• Pūtaketanga theory advocates that everything has a genealogy
or a whakapapa• It therefore surmises that nothing manifests from out of thin air.
Dr Rawiri Waretini-Karena 2014
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Pūtaketanga model
• This model contextualises theories and perspectives by asking what are underlying factors that contribute to societal issues.
• The model is representative of a stone being dropped into a pond creating ripples
• Sometimes these ripples are intergenerational
Root cause
Contributing Factor
1
Contributing Factor
2
Contributing Factor
3
Māori Crime
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Pūtaketanga model application
Te Tiriti o Waitangi
Māori crim
e
Assimilation
Poverty
War &
confiscation of land
Legislative violations
1852 NZ
Constitution Act
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Epigenetic Research• “Epigenetic research has
discovered that at a cellular level, stress/ trauma from one generation can be carried to the next generation (Walters, K, 2012).
Professor Karina Walters (Choctaw)Foremost authority on Indigenous experiences of Historical Intergenerational Trauma
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Treaty of Waitangi Legislative violations - Critical Analysis
Breaching TOW – To confiscate Land & resources Consequences of Breaching TOW for Tangata Whenua
Native lands Act 1862 designed to break down communal ownership.Native reserves Act 1864: All remaining reserve land put under settler control of the Crown.
This legislation created intergenerational impoverishment
Breaching TOW - By blocking all forms of redress & accountability for fraudulent actions Consequences of Breaching TOW for Tangata Whenua –
Suppression of Rebellion Act 1863• No right to trial before imprisonment. Its intention was to punish certain tribes
for perceptions of rebelling against the Crown.
• This piece of legislation through its practice was discriminatory and traumatised hapū who stood for their rights in defending their people, land and resources
Breaching TOW – Using legislation to Assimilate & subjugate Māori culture / language& identity. Consequences of Breaching TOW for Tangata Whenua
The Native Schools Act: 1867 • Schools would assist in the process of assimilation. 1871 • A Government stipulation that instruction in Native Schools had to be in English only• Tohunga Suppression Act: 1908 • Penalties were imposed on tohunga (experts in Maori medicine and Maori spirituality).
• These pieces of legislation were used to assimilate to western ways of thinking resulting in the removal of Māori cultural heritage, Māori language, Māori identity, Māori principles, protocols, and Indigenous ways of existing
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Intergenerational impact & Transference- across generations
Created intergenerationalimpoverishmentSubjected Māori to assimilation policies
• Subjecting Tangata Whenua to becoming paupers on their land
• Loss of traditional ways of existing
• Near extinction of Māori language
• Marginalization of cultural knowledge & cultural identity
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Doctrine of DiscoveryHistory of Colonisation 1300-1400s
Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840
Contextualising HIT
Coveting IndigenousLands &resources
MāoriLandloss
Coveting MāoriLand & recourses
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Contextual historical intergenerational trauma in genealogy
Generation 4
1840 - 1940
Relationship with the Colonials
Great Grandfather:
Te Nahu Te Kuri Waretini- Weteni.
Fought in the Waikato invasion against the British empire1863Exiled with King Tawhiao into the King country.Fought along side Rewi Maniapoto and Tuhoe at Orakau Pa
Legislative Violations:
Native Lands ActSuppression of Rebellion Act 1863Waikato InvasionNative Schools act 1863Tohunga suppression Act
Generation 3
1920’s-1989
Aftermath of colonial assimilation
Grand Father:
Kapa (Tom) Te Wharua Waretini Weteni
Brought up by Princess Te Puea
Helped build Turangawaewae MaraeSpoke Maori but was caned and punished in school.Fought in World War TwoMoved away from Māori culture for western religion
Legislative violations:
Native Schools Act 1867Tohunga Suppression Act 1908Native Health Act 1909WW2Hunn Report 1961
Generation 2
1946 – 1996
Once were Warriors generation
Father:
Raymond Bartholomew Waretini Karena
Welder-Boilermaker
New Urban Māori
Under valued anything MaoriDidn’t learn tikanga-cultural heritagePut his friends before his familyAbused his wife and children
Legislative Violations:
Hunn Report 1961Pepper potting systemRural to Urban migration
Generation 1
Rediscovering cultural heritage
Mokopuna:
Rawiri-David-Waretini-Junior :Karena
Musician - Lecturer:
Grew up with no identity
Did not know my native language or culture.Wasn’t taught tikanga, kawa principles or valuesSuffered years of child abuseWent on to change the cycle and get an education
Legislative Violations:
Pu Ao Te AtatuNZ Constitution Act 1986Fore shore & Seabed 2004Takutai Moana Bill 2010Oil drillingAsset salesFrackingTPPA
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QuoteWe grow up in the face of our histories, born into environments constructed by others
Waretini-Karena 2014
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Raupatu Settlement Claim-1995
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• Queen Elizabeth II gives an official Royal Apology for the invasion of the Waikato in July 1863.
• Queen Elizabeth II acknowledges that the action of the British Empire and the New Zealand Settler Government was wrong.
• Queen Elizabeth II also acknowledges that Waikato Tainui were not rebelling, but were protecting their lands, assets and families
• The value of the land that was confiscated had an estimate of 18 Billion dollars
• Waikato Tainui had land returned to them as well as $170 Million dollars
Royal Apology
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• Although economically Waikato Tainui have over come impacts stemming from colonisation, the psychological and intergenerational impacts are still evident.
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Profit versus Wellbeing
1/1/1995
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Waikato Tainui Profit versus Wellbeing chartFrom the confiscation of 1 million acres in 1864 to 170 Million 1995- 1 Billion 2015
Profit Wellbeing
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Waikato Tainui focus today• Net worth of 1.1 Billion dollars• Developed initiatives for health, wellbeing & social services• Focuses on education, research & Te Reo Māori language (Waikato
dialect) as a prerogative• Establishes housing initiatives for Waikato Tainui people
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Discussion• Any thoughts about todays lesson?
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Reference• Bedggood, D. (1978). New Zealand’s semi-colonial development. Department of
Sociology. University of Auckland: New Zealand• Giddens, A.(2002). Sociology. (4th ed.) Cambridge: UK. Blackwell Publishers Ltd• New Zealand Herald. (2005, Oct 28). Māori crime a concern for government. Retrieved
August 13 2015 from:http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10352444
• Rashbrooke, M.(2013). Inequality in New Zealand. In Rashbrook, M (Ed). Inequality: A New Zealand crisis. Wellington: New Zealand. Bridget Williams Books Ltd
• Walters, K. (2012).Embodiment of historical trauma and micro aggression distress.[motion picture] Retrieved August 14 2015 from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzPNWTD56S8