intro to ubiquitous/pervasive computingcsweb.cs.wfu.edu/~pauca/csc332/5-1-introtoubicomp.pdf ·...
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Mobile & Pervasive ComputingCSC 332 - Fall 2019
Intro to Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
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What is Ubiquitous or Pervasive Computing?
• 3rd era of modern computing - Roy Want, 2010
• 1st era: mainframe computers
• single computer, owned by organization, used by many people
• 2nd era: PC computers
• one computer, primarily owned & used by one person
• 3rd era: ubiquitous computing
• Network of many portable & embedded computers, own & used by one person
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Origins• Mark Weiser, Xerox Park, 1988
• Envisioned computing technologies embedded into everyday artifacts, supporting daily activities
• “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.”
• Technological implication
• Mobile & embedded processors communicate with each other and the surrounding infrastructure, coordinating operations to support a variety of needs.
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Weiser’s Key Ideas• Invisible computing
• Improving the style of computing interaction imposed on users
• Sitting, staring at screen, typing on keyboard, using mouse separate users from the world around them, solitary all-consuming experience.
• Instead, computation could be integrated into common objects that users interact with in everyday activities.
• Example: printed paper
• Involves careful deposition of ink in thin sheets of paper to provide best contrast, durability, etc.
• People engage reading and comprehending, without needing to understand ink characteristics, manufacturing processes, etc.
• No need to maintain it, configure it, update it, etc.
• Printing technology “gets out of the way”
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Weiser’s Key Ideas• Calm technology
• Push computing technology into the world
• PC philosophy pushes world into the technology
• icons for desktop, trash can, documents, printers, etc.
• Example: reading documents in a PC
• Graphic made to look like printed page
• Instead, create a dedicated document reader with embedded processor
• Book-like dedicated function is part of the UX
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Weiser’s Key Ideas• Scales of human interaction
• Yard-scale
• Large and immovable objects
• Foot-scale
• Hand-size portable objects
• Inch-scale
• Fit in pocket, forgotten about while doing other things
• Ubiquitous computing could be designed around everyday capabilities at these scales
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Research at Xerox PARC• Computer Science Laboratory (CSL)
• Led by M. Weiser
• Focused on 3 devices
• ParcTab (pocket size)
• ParcPad (notebook size)
• Liveboard (large desktop)
• Matched scale of user interaction
• And provide numerous networked capabilities
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ParcTab (pocket-size), infrared transceiver base station
ParcPad (notebook size), near-field communication base station
Liveboard (large desktop), LCD panel, infrared pen, wired network
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Other Associated Concepts• Context Awareness
• Allows applications to understand their environments and adapt their operation accordingly
• Arose out of use of ParcTab as location beacon
• System could keep track of movement of Tabs & infer user position
• Dimensions of a user/device context
• Location, identity of nearby devices, time of day, sound, motion, temperature, orientation, and other physical variables
• But could also include: user’s emotional state, focus of attention, etc.
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Other Associated Concepts• Embedded computing platforms
• ITRON operating system and T-Engine embedded platforms across various scales (University of Tokyo)
• Smart-Its (by University of Karlsruhe), embedded computers for furniture, clothing, cups, packaging, etc.
• Real-world objects linked with web content
• Web presence:
• Every object could serve its own identity, ownership, services, etc. through embedded web server
• Or could advertise presence via unique electronic tags
• Including people, places, and things
• (HP Labs, Cooltown project)
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Other Associated Concepts• Wearable computing
• Portable computer unobtrusively integrated with or hidden in clothing (MIT Media Lab)
• Deviation from Weiser’s model
• User must adapt and learn how to use specialized equipment
• Potential related applications
• Augmented reality
• SenseCam by Microsoft Research
• Captured images of the world as the user moves, to augment contextual data
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Other Associated Concepts• Aware spaces
• Space embedded with sensors, computing, control center
• Aware Home Project, Georgia Tech
• Building used cameras, RFID tags, floor pressure sensors, etc. to identify and track occupants
• Monitored usage of services, etc
• Applications for elderly populations
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Other Associated Concepts• Indoor location systems
• Active Badge Location System by Olivetti
• Used diffuse infrared beacons in electronic badges
• Sensor network to receive beacon signals, system able to associate badges/people with rooms
• Enabled location based services
• GUIDE project by Lancaster University
• Electronic tour guide using a microcellular communication network to determine location
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Other Associated Concepts• Sensor networks
• Network of wireless nodes sensing and transmitting data
• Can be used for monitoring, but can also allow control of the environment
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Ubiquitous Computing Systems • Topics and challenges (Bardram & Friday)
• Resource-aware computing
• Power foraging
• Cyber foraging
• Service discovery
• Volatile execution environments
• Heterogeneous execution environments
• Fluctuating execution environments
• Location-based computing
• Context-aware computing
• Activity-based computing
• Autonomic computing
• Multiagent systems
• Contingency management
• Graceful degradation
• Location and context-based security
To learn about these topics, read textbook Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals, Chapter 2, pp. 38 - 51 by Tuesday Oct. 1.