introduced macroalgae in denmark when, where, how and which effects? peter a. stæhr...
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![Page 1: Introduced macroalgae in Denmark When, where, how and which effects? Peter A. Stæhr Freshwaterbiological Laboratory Biological Institute, Univ. Copenhagen](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051614/551bec12550346b4588b638d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduced macroalgae in Denmark
When, where, how and
which effects?
Peter A. StæhrFreshwaterbiological Laboratory
Biological Institute, Univ. Copenhagen
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Some ”basic” questions:
What is a macroalgae?
What characterizes an invasive macroalgae?
Which steps are involved in macroalgal invasions?
What are the likely impacts of an invasion?
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Macroalgae?
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Macroalgae?
Steneck & Dethier 1994
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Invasive macroalgae?
Williams & Smith 2006
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Invasive macroalgae?
Williams & Smith 2006
Num
ber
of in
trod
uctio
ns
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Macroalgae in Danish waters
Ns = North SeaSk = SkagerrakK = KattegatLf = LimfjordenSa = Northern beltseaSb+Sm = Great beltLb = Little beltSu = OresoundBm+Bb = Baltic sea
Map of diving locations in the Danish marine monitoring program.
From 19892003: 9738 observations with 290 taxa, including 9 invasive
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Which macroalgal NIS?
Red(159)
Bonnemaisonia hamifera Dasya baillouviana Gracilaria vermiculophyllaHeterosiphonia japonica= Dasysiphonia sp.
Neosiphonia harveyi
Polysiphonia elongella new!
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Red(159)
Brown(126)
Bonnemaisonia hamifera Dasya baillouviana Gracilaria vermiculophyllaHeterosiphonia japonica= Dasysiphonia sp.
Neosiphonia harveyi
Colpomenia peregrina Sargassum muticum Fucus evanescensDictyota dichotoma
Which macroalgal NIS?
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Red(159)
Brown(126)
Green(91)
Bonnemaisonia hamifera Dasya baillouviana Gracilaria vermiculophyllaHeterosiphonia japonica= Dasysiphonia sp.
Neosiphonia harveyi
Colpomenia peregrina Sargassum muticum Fucus evanescens
Codium fragile ssp. tomentosiodes / scandiavicum
Dictyota dichotoma
Which macroalgal NIS?
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Class Species Origin Transport Year Europe Year DK
RedBonnemaisonia
hamiferaPacifics (Japan) Ship?
1890(England) 1900
RedDasya
baillouviana Mediterranean Ship?/oysters? Natural 1961
RedHeterosiphonia
japonica Pacifics Ship?/oysters?1994
(Holland) 2005
RedNeosiphonia
harveyi
Pacifics / NW Atlantics
Epiphytes?1908
(England?) 1986
RedGracilaria
vermiculophylla Pacifics Ship?/oysters?1935
(Norway?) 2003
BrownColpomenia
peregrina Pacifics Oysters?1905
(France) 1939
BrownFucus
evanescens North Atlantics Ship / natural Natural 1948
BrownSargassum
muticumPacifics(Japan) Oysters?
1960s (France?) 1984
BrownDictyota
dichotomaAtlantic Oysters /
natural? Natural 1939
Green
Codium fragile ssp.
tomentosoidesAtlantics (Japan) Ship/oysters?
1900 ca (Holland)
1919Green
Codium fragile ssp.
scandinavicumAtlantics
(Sibiria, Japan) Ship/oysters?1919
(Denmark)
Where from, how and when?
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Where and how much?Regional distribution
Regioner
Ns K+Lf Sa Lb Sb+Sm Su Bw Bm+BbRel
ativ
dæ
knin
g (%
af s
amfu
nd)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Bonnemaisonia hamiferaCodium fragileColpomenia peregrinaDasya baillouvianaDictyota dichotomaFucus evanescensGracilaria vermiculophyllaNeosiphonia harveyiSargassum muticum
Regions
Re
lativ
e c
ove
r (%
of c
om
mun
ity)
Salty (34 ppm) Fresh (5-10ppm)
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Dybdeinterval (m)
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-1
2
12-1
4
14-1
6
16-1
8
18-2
0
20-2
2
22-2
4
24-2
6
26-2
8Rel
ativ
dæ
knin
g (%
af s
amfu
nd)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Bonnemaisonia hamiferaCodium fragileColpomenia peregrinaDasya baillouvianaDictyota dichotomaFucus evanescensGracilaria vermiculophyllaNeosiphonia harveyiSargassum muticum
Re
lativ
e c
ove
r (%
of c
om
mun
ity)
Depth interval (m)
Where and how much?Depth distribution
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Årstal
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Rel
ativ
dæ
knin
g (%
af s
amfu
nd)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Bonnemaisonia hamiferaCodium fragileColpomenia peregrinaDasya baillouvianaDictyota dichotomaFucus evanescensGracilaria vermiculophyllaNeosiphonia harveyiSargassum muticum
Where and how much?Development in time
Year
Re
lativ
e c
ove
r (%
of c
om
mun
ity)
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• 10-12 ”new” species out of 376 total• NIS species amount to 3.75% of total
cover • Most NIS in salty regions• Most at 2-4m (7%) and 20-22m (6%)• No obvious increase during recent years • Gracilaria is expected to spread fast• Lack of knowledge about NIS ecological
impact in Dk more research
Summary on Danish NIS
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Donor population
Invasion of new populations
(2) Release and establisment
(1) Uptake, transport
(3) Spread (natural/associated)
(4) Impacts (large)
Invasion phases:
Time
E
ffec
t
1 2 43
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Donor region
Recipient region
Physiological
Geographical
Life-history
Biotic resistance
Barriers of invasion:
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Sargassum muticum in Denmark
– invasion and ecological effects
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• Large (>2m) brown macroalgae (order Fucales)
• Related to Fucus vesiculosus and Halidrys siliquosa
• Floating vesicles
• Broad temperature (10-30 oC) and salinity (18-34 o/oo) tolerance
• Monoecious ~self fertilizing
• High regeneration ability
• Pseudo-perenial life-cycle
Sargassum muticum - phenology
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2000?
Invasionhistory
• 60’ies – North America-> Oysters
• Origin – Asia (Japan)
• 70’ies – Europe (English Channel)-> oysters
• 1984 - Denmark-> oysters?-> sekundary spread (drifting)?
??
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Ran
g no
.
% of total m
acroalgal cover
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Temporal development in community structure
Relative change 1990– 97
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Sargassum muticum
Halidrys siliquosa
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No clustering
Epibionts on Sargassum (S) and Halidrys (H)
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Species richness
Individual density
Biomass
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Uroch
ordata
Crusta
cea
Echin
oder
mata
Moll
usca
Porife
ra
Polych
aeta
Cnidaria
mg
AF
DW
/ 1
00g
FW
alg
ae ±
SE
Sargassum muticum Halidrys siliquosa
Same epifauna but more on Sargassum
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Large fluctuation in growth, production and loss
Loss to grazers = 1-2% 99% of production is accumulates as detritus
Even growht, production and loss
Sargassum
Halidrys
Seasonal variation in standing biomass
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Fast decomposition
fast release
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Impacts of S. muticum in Denmark
• Since the introduction in 1984, Sargassum muticum has become the most common macroalgae in Limfjorden
• The invasion has changed the macroalgal community structure with significant reductions in the cover of other large perennial browalgae
• The invasionen has not changed the epifaunal species composition, but has increased epifaunal abundance and seasonal variation
• The invasionen has resulted in a more unstabil and fluctuating biomass, with faster growth, turnover and nutrient release, similar to systems experiencing eutrophication
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Litterature:• Wernberg-Møller, Thomsen & Stæhr (1998). Master thesis, RUC.
• Wernberg-Møller, Thomsen & Stæhr (1998). Urt 22:128-132.
• Stæhr, Pedersen, Thomsen, Wernberg & Krause-Jensen (2000). Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 207:79-88.
• Wernberg, Thomsen, Stæhr & Pedersen (2001). Botanica Marina 44:31-39.
• Wernberg, Thomsen, Stæhr & Pedersen (2004). Helgoland Marine Research 58:154-161.
• Pedersen, Stæhr, Wernberg & Thomsen (2005). Aquatic Botany 83:31-47.
•Thomsen M., Krause-Jensen D., Wernberg T., Stæhr P.A. og Nils Risgaard-Petersen. (2005) Fremmede tangarter i Danmark: Hvilke? Hvor udbredte? Hvornår? Urt 29: 110-115
• Thomsen, Wernberg, Stæhr & Pedersen (2006). Helgoland Marine Research 60:50-58.
•Thomsen MS, Wernberg T, Stæhr PA, Krause-Jensen D, Risgaard-Petersen N, Silliman BR. 2007. Alien macroalgae in Denmark - a national perspective. Marine Biology Research 3: 61-72
Further information (Mads Thomsen website on NIS):
http://cem.ecu.edu.au/coastal-marine/themes/reef-ecology/marine_invaders_bibliography.php