introducing the fecal waste flow diagram approach€¦ · flow diagram approach * ... secondary...
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www.wsp.org | www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater
University of
Leeds
Isabel Blackett, World Bank Global Water Practice
Barbara Evans, University of Leeds
Introducing the Fecal Waste
Flow Diagram Approach
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* Poor-inclusive Urban Sanitation: An Overview, 2013, World Bank - WSP
** The Missing Link in Sanitation Service Delivery, 2014 World Bank - WSP
Where it Emerged From…
Global review of urban sanitation experience*
Secondary data and interviews on fecal sludge
management from 12 developing country cities in four
regions:**
Traditional focus on sewerage by IFIs and governments, but
Most urban dwellers with sanitation access use on on-site
systems: <10% of urban Africa has sewer access
Virtually all poor people use informally managed on-site
sanitation systems
Failure to manage the whole sanitation service chain
results in gross fecal contamination of the environment
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Limited data and poor performance
Data on FSM is limited, often contradictory
Overall performance is poor
FSM is ‘invisible’ to policy-makers:
Little planned, ‘deliberate’ FSM, ‘stop-gap’ for informal areas
Bias to sewerage over FSM in most policy and many projects
Results of the Status Quo
Poor sanitation in informal areas not generally addressed,
although often a major city-wide public health hazard
Policy and spending usually biased towards sewerage –
subsidies for the rich
On-site systems often seen as a temporary solution and
therefore neglected by city authorities and poorly managed
Data on sanitation not collected city-wide so problems not
properly identified and prioritized
As usual, the main victims are poor people, women and
other vulnerable groups
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WC Sewerage network
Pumping stations
Sewage
treatment
works
End-use/
Disposal
Treatment End-use/
Disposal Transport Emptying Containment
Sewerage
On-site Systems with Fecal Sludge Management
The Sanitation Service Chain
MDGs Post-2015 SDG Proposals
Latrine
or
septic
tank
Vacuum truck
Treatment
plant End-use/
disposal
Primary
emptying Transfer
Safely covered and replaced in new location
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WC to
sewer
On-site
facility
Open
defecation
2%
Dakar, Senegal
Treatment Reuse/
Disposal Transport Emptying Containment
Domestic
environment
Drainage
system
Receiving
waters
10% 5%
Dysfunctional
pumping
Illegally
dumped
Legally
dumped
Effectively
treated
Discharge
without treatment
3%
6% 17%
18%
Not effectively
treated
SAFE
31%
UNSAFE
69%
10% Safely
abandoned
when full
Safely
emptied
Unsafely
emptied
29%
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What is a Fecal Waste Flow Diagram (SFD)?
It IS
– An effective communications and advocacy tool
– A tool for engineers, planners and decision-makers
– Based on contributing populations and an indication of
where their excreta goes
– A representation of public health hazard
– An overview from which to develop sanitation priorities
It is NOT
– Based on volumes/mass – these are determined by
other related factors
– A representation of public health risk
(risk = hazard x behavior)
– A precise scientific analytical tool
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Treatment End-use/
disposal Transport Emptying Containment
7
Developing
Enabling
Policy
Planning
Budget
Maintenance
Expansion
User outcomes
Sustaining
Expenditure
Equity
Outputs
Example: Balikpapan, Indonesia
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1
0
0
1.5
0
0
1.5
Poor Developing Good
- Is on-site san recognized? Targets? Institutional roles? Private sector? Regulation?
- Investment coordination and prioritization mechanisms? Implementation capacity?
- Sufficient budget? Sanitation expenditure identifiable?
- How much is being invested in sanitation?
- Community engagement? Poor-inclusive?
- Rate of growth and quality of service sufficient to make impact? Being monitored?
- O&M costs known and covered? Standards monitored and enforced?
- San promotion? Planning expansion of services? Private sector development?
- How much is the service chain “leaking”? Is it reaching the poor?
Urban Context: Service Delivery Assessment What systems exist and who is responsible?
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The SFD Promotion Initiative – Origins
8
• First SFDs published by World Bank - WSP in 2014 to
provide a concise overview of sanitation in a city
• Proving to be very effective for advocacy, intuitively
understood by both decision-makers, technical
professionals
• Well received by sanitation practitioners globally, and
spontaneously adopted by many
• Promotion initiative
- Disseminate the approach
- Provide technical support guidelines and tools
- Maintain its credibility
- Benchmarking and progress monitoring
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The SFD Promotion Initiative – Partners
9
GIZ/SuSanA – coordinator
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Delhi
SANDEC/EAWAG, Switzerland
University of Leeds, UK
WEDC/University of Loughborough, UK
World Bank Global Water Practice – Water and
Sanitation Program
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation – funding
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The SFD Promotion Initiative – Objectives
10
Develop an interactive web platform hosted by
SuSanA:
- Drafting tool, blank templates, guidance
documents, interactive training package
- Uploaded SFDs with quality controlled by a
SuSanA Task Force
- Fully searchable via both text and an
interactive map of cities with an SFD
Continuously develop, document and
disseminate SFD progress
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The SFD Promotion Initiative – Phasing
11
Phase 1: February 2016
- Draft methodology and tools
- Establish website
- Upload 50 quality-controlled SFDs
Phase 2:
- Refine methodology, tools and templates
- Develop guidance documents and interactive
training package
- Establish Task Force to moderate website
- Receive and quality control SFDs for posting
on website
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