introduction
DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION. Oceans are a Common Resource 1982 Law of the Sea Convention Provides Fair and Equal Access. HISTORIC OVERVIEW. Community Property- Roman Empire Closed Seas- 1493 Spain/Portugal Open Seas - 1609 Hugo Grotius High Seas Freedom of Navigation Territorial Sea (3 miles) 1703 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION
• Oceans are a Common Resource
• 1982 Law of the Sea Convention Provides Fair and Equal Access
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HISTORIC OVERVIEW
• Community Property- Roman Empire
• Closed Seas- 1493 Spain/Portugal
• Open Seas- 1609 Hugo Grotius– High Seas Freedom of Navigation– Territorial Sea (3 miles) 1703• Subject to Right of Innocent Passage
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POST-WW II EXPANSION OF TERRITORIAL SEA CLAIMS
• Fisheries
• Oil & Other Non-Living Resources
• 200 nautical mile territorial sea claims
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CODIFICATION OF THE LAW OF THE SEA
• UNCLOS I (1958)
–1958 GENEVA CONVENTIONS
• UNCLOS II (1960)
• UNCLOS III (1973-82)
–1982 UN CONVENTION ON LAW OF THE SEA
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1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF
THE SEA (UNCLOS III)
Major Topics:• Coastal State Rights
• Navigation & Overflight Rights
• Environment Protection
• Settlement of Disputes
• Sea-Bed Mining Provisions
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U.S. POSITION ON LAW OF THE SEA
• 1983: Ocean Policy Statement
• 1983: 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone
• 1988: 12 nm Territorial Sea
• 1999: 24 nm Contiguous Zone
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UNCLOS IIIDEVELOPMENTS
• 1990: UNSG Initiated Informal Discussions to Modify Part XI
• July, 1994: UNGA Resolution Proposes Agreement Amending Part XI
• November, 1994: UNCLOS III Enters Into Force • October, 1994: U.S. President Forwards to Senate – U.S. accession still pending Senate advice & consent
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INTERPRETATION
• No reservations
• Declarations
• Dispute Resolution– Mandatory – Optional
• Role of IMO
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CURRENT STATUS
• As of January 2012: 161 Nations were parties
• U.S. Ratification Has Not Yet Occurred
• Widespread International Adherence
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CONCLUSION
• Equal Distribution of Commonwealth of the Oceans
• National Security
• Economic Interests
• Freedom of Navigation
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USEFUL WEB SITES
• UN Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index/html – UNCLOS III Parties, treaty texts, national claims, UNGA
Resolutions, UNSG Reports
• U.S. Department of Defense– Maritime Claims Reference Manual
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/20051m.html
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