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1 Introduction Chapter 1 1.1 What is an operating system 1.2 History of operating systems 1.3 The operating system zoo 1.4 Computer hardware review 1.5 Operating system concepts 1.6 System calls 1.7 Operating system structure

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Introduction. 1.1 What is an operating system 1.2 History of operating systems 1.3 The operating system zoo 1.4 Computer hardware review 1.5 Operating system concepts 1.6 System calls 1.7 Operating system structure. Chapter 1. Introduction. A computer system consists of hardware - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Introduction

1

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.1 What is an operating system1.2 History of operating systems1.3 The operating system zoo1.4 Computer hardware review1.5 Operating system concepts1.6 System calls1.7 Operating system structure

Page 2: Introduction

2

Introduction

• A computer system consists of– hardware– system programs– application programs

Page 3: Introduction

3

Computer System layers

• Physical Devices: Power, wires, CRT, …

• Microarchitecture: Registers, ALU, CPU

• ISA: instruction set 30 – 50 instructions

• OS– Hides hardware complexity– Manages resources

• System Programs

Page 4: Introduction

4

Supervisor vs user mode

• System programs are not the OS although they are often supplied with the OS

• Windows (X, Max, MS), Compilers, …– If you don’t like one, write your own

• Clock interrupt handler– you cannot write your own

• The boundary is blurred

Page 5: Introduction

5

What is an Operating System

• It is an extended machine– Hides the messy details which must be performed

• 13 parameters to read from floppy controller

• 3 parameters to read system call

– Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use

• It is a resource manager– Each program gets time with the resource

– Each program gets space on the resource

Page 6: Introduction

6

History of Operating Systems (1)

Early batch system– bring cards to 1401– read cards to tape– put tape on 7094 which does computing– put tape on 1401 which prints output

Page 7: Introduction

7

History of Operating Systems (2)

• First generation 1945 - 1955– vacuum tubes, plug boards

• Second generation 1955 - 1965– transistors, batch systems

• Third generation 1965 – 1980– ICs and multiprogramming

• Fourth generation 1980 – present– personal computers

Page 8: Introduction

8

History of Operating Systems (3)

• Structure of a typical FMS job – 2nd generation

Page 9: Introduction

9

History of Operating Systems (4)

• Multiprogramming system – three jobs in memory – 3rd generation

Page 10: Introduction

10

The Operating System Zoo

• Mainframe operating systems

• Server operating systems

• Multiprocessor operating systems

• Personal computer operating systems

• Real-time operating systems

• Embedded operating systems

• Smart card operating systems

Page 11: Introduction

11

Computer Hardware Review (1)

• Components of a simple personal computer

Monitor

Bus

Page 12: Introduction

12

Computer Hardware Review (2)

(a) A three-stage pipeline(b) A superscalar CPU

Page 13: Introduction

13

Computer Hardware Review (3)

• Typical memory hierarchy– numbers shown are rough approximations

Page 14: Introduction

14

Computer Hardware Review (4)

Structure of a disk drive

Page 15: Introduction

15

Computer Hardware Review (5)

One base-limit pair and two base-limit pairs

Page 16: Introduction

16

Computer Hardware Review (6)

(a) Steps in starting an I/O device and getting interrupt(b) How the CPU is interrupted

(a) (b)

Page 17: Introduction

17

Computer Hardware Review (7)

Structure of a large Pentium system

Page 18: Introduction

18

Operating System Concepts (1)

• A process tree– A created two child processes, B and C– B created three child processes, D, E, and F

Page 19: Introduction

19

Operating System Concepts (2)

(a) A potential deadlock. (b) an actual deadlock.

Page 20: Introduction

20

Operating System Concepts (3)

File system for a university department

Page 21: Introduction

21

Operating System Concepts (4)

• Before mounting, – files on floppy are inaccessible

• After mounting floppy on b,– files on floppy are part of file hierarchy

Page 22: Introduction

22

Operating System Concepts (5)

Two processes connected by a pipe

Page 23: Introduction

23

Steps in Making a System Call

There are 11 steps in making the system call read (fd, buffer, nbytes)

Page 24: Introduction

24

Some System Calls For Process Management

Page 25: Introduction

25

Some System Calls For File Management

Page 26: Introduction

26

Some System Calls For Directory Management

Page 27: Introduction

27

Some System Calls For Miscellaneous Tasks

Page 28: Introduction

28

System Calls (1)

• A stripped down shell:

while (TRUE) { /* repeat forever */ type_prompt( ); /* display prompt */ read_command (command, parameters) /* input from terminal */ if (fork() != 0) { /* fork off child process */ /* Parent code */ waitpid( -1, &status, 0); /* wait for child to exit */} else { /* Child code */ execve (command, parameters, 0); /* execute command */ }}

Page 29: Introduction

29

System Calls (2)

• Processes have three segments: text, data, stack

Page 30: Introduction

30

System Calls (3)

(a) Two directories before linking/usr/jim/memo to ast's directory

(b) The same directories after linking

Page 31: Introduction

31

System Calls (4)

(a) File system before the mount

(b) File system after the mount

Page 32: Introduction

32

System Calls (5)

Some Win32 API calls

Page 33: Introduction

33

Operating System Structure (1)

Simple structuring model for a monolithic system

Page 34: Introduction

34

Operating System Structure (2)

Structure of the THE operating system

Page 35: Introduction

35

Operating System Structure (3)

Structure of VM/370 with CMS

Page 36: Introduction

36

Operating System Structure (4)

The client-server model

Page 37: Introduction

37

Operating System Structure (5)

The client-server model in a distributed system

Page 38: Introduction

38

Metric Units

The metric prefixes


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