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Introduction The outline is the “skeleton” of your paper Rough drafts are putting “meat” on the “bones.”

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Introduction. The outline is the “skeleton” of your paper Rough drafts are putting “meat” on the “bones.” . Hypothetical Thesis. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Introduction

Introduction The outline is the “skeleton” of your

paper Rough drafts are putting “meat” on the

“bones.”

Page 2: Introduction

Hypothetical Thesis Mark Twain criticizes 19th century

America’s narrow-minded racist ideals by depicting Huckleberry’s gradual growth and rejection of racist values in favor of friendship with Jim.

Page 3: Introduction

Hypothetical OutlineA. Huck ultimately realizes that Jim is no

different than he is inside.1. Tom is gravely injured; likely to die. Jim

sacrifices self to save his friend. 2. “I know’d he was white inside” (Twain

230).3. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin

color is different than his, he has the same morals and values.

4. Secondary Source: __________________________

Page 4: Introduction

Step 1: The Topic Sentence Clean up your topic sentence. Make it exceptional. Make it clear what the entire paragraph

is about. Use appropriate transitions.

Page 5: Introduction

Step 1: The Topic Sentence Huck ultimately realizes that Jim is no

different than he is inside.

As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race.

Page 6: Introduction

Step 2: Adding Context You cannot simply drop your primary

source quote after the topic sentence. You must introduce it by BRIEFLY

summarizing the relevant plot details. This is your CONTEXT. On your outline, I requested only brief

fragments. Now, expand them.

Page 7: Introduction

Step 2: Adding Context1. Tom is gravely injured; likely to die. Jim

sacrifices self to save his friend.

Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor.

Page 8: Introduction

Paragraph So FarAs the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor.

Page 9: Introduction

Step 3: Add The Quote The primary source quote follows the

context. Don’t orphan the quote – be sure to

introduce it in some way. Primary source quote must be followed

by parenthetical citation.

Page 10: Introduction

Step 3: Adding the Quote “I know’d he was white inside” (Twain 230).

Huck, in seeing Jim’s kindness, remarks, “I knowed he was white inside” (Twain 230).

OR“I knowed he was white inside,” Huck

remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230).

Page 11: Introduction

Paragraph So FarAs the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230).

Page 12: Introduction

Step 4: Add an Inference After the quote, it is necessary to

provide an inference explaining its relevance to your paper’s thesis.

Expand, if necessary, the inference from your outline.

If you can’t tie the quote to the thesis, the quote is no good!

Page 13: Introduction

Step 4: Adding an InferenceHuck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is

different than his, he has the same morals and values.

Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do.

Page 14: Introduction

Paragraph So FarAs the novel progresses towards a conclusion,

Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do.

Page 15: Introduction

Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote

Secondary source quotes are scholarly affirmations of your original thought.

You are very smart, but must rely on learned English scholars to support your assertions.

If you don’t have a secondary source to support what you said, you are probably wrong (no offense).

Page 16: Introduction

Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote

You cannot simply drop a secondary source quote.

It, like a primary source quote, must be introduced.

Page 17: Introduction

Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote

“Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).

Huck’s breakthrough revelation serves to support the overarching theme of the book that, “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).

Page 18: Introduction

So Far…. As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do. Huck’s breakthrough revelation serves to support the overarching theme of the book that, “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).

Page 19: Introduction

Step 6: Wrapping It All Up Now, it is time to add a conclusion

sentence. The conclusion sentence should do two

things: explain the significance of the quotation, and reconnect to the thesis. This is sometimes difficult to do well.

Page 20: Introduction

Finally:As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do. Huck’s breakthrough revelation serves to support the overarching theme of the book that, “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15). Twain thus manages to simultaneously reject the racist values of 19th century America and affirm the kindness and compassion he believes Americans should feel for one another, regardless of race, through the thoughts of an adolescent boy.

Page 21: Introduction

Introductory and Concluding Paragraph

The introductory and conclusion paragraphs should be the last ones that you write.

Develop all of your supporting details first; you will use the introduction to lead into them, and the conclusion to summarize them.

Page 22: Introduction

Sample Intro Paragraph Here is the original thesis:

Mark Twain criticizes 19th century America’s narrow-minded racist ideals by depicting Huckleberry’s gradual growth and rejection of racist values in favor of friendship with Jim.

The following slide depicts its placement in an introductory paragraph.

Page 23: Introduction

Sample Intro Paragraph:19th century America was indeed a time of tumultuous change. Within a single century, the entire nation was ripped apart and reunited in bloody civil war, while a large percentage of the national population, once considered property, became known as citizens. Mark Twain was certainly attune to the national discordance of feelings. As a southerner who frequently traveled north to revel in the success of his first masterpiece, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain was able to see the marked contrast in values, and reacted with disgust towards his southern peers. In the process of creating Huckleberry Finn, what Twain set out to create, an amusing sequel to his light-hearted previous success, quickly transformed into a bitter criticism of the world around him, and his hero Huck Finn transforms from a careless renegade into a thoughtful symbol of progress. Mark Twain criticizes 19th century America’s narrow-minded racist ideals by depicting Huckleberry’s gradual growth and rejection of racist values in favor of friendship with Jim.

Page 24: Introduction

Conclusion Paragraph Conclusion essentially does the opposite.

Rephrase the thesis at its opening, and gradually broaden, growing towards a connection to the modern world.

Keep it short; allow this to be the shortest part of your paper.

Page 25: Introduction

Sample Conclusion Paragraph

Through the moral development of his young protagonist, Mark Twain succeeds in criticizing the narrow-minded racism of 19th century America. Twain intended for Huck’s growth and change to be the model for those who read his work, and hoped that Huck’s “sound heart” would succeed in fracturing the “deformed conscience” of the society Twain maligned. In many ways, Twain’s vision has yet to come to fruition, as over 150 years after the emancipation proclamation, African Americans still face a disparity of wealth and career opportunities, yet his optimism still inspires, and his work remains a mainstay of American secondary education. Perhaps Huck’s journey is not yet over after all.

Page 26: Introduction

MLA CITATIONSA Brief Reminder of Parenthetical Citatons

Page 27: Introduction

MLA CITATIONS MLA citations are required to give

credit to the author who wrote the quotation

You must include MLA citations whenever you provide a direct quote, or you are plagiarizing.

The information is put in parenthesis after the quote, and is called a parenthetical citation.

Page 28: Introduction

FORMAT A parenthetical citation includes the

author’s last name, and then the page on which the quote appears.

Ex: If a book was written by Gordon Smith, and the quote you want to use appears on page 32, your citation would be: (Smith 32).

Page 29: Introduction

QUOTE WITH INTRODUCTION FIRSTIn realizing Finny has kept him from succeeding in his

studies, Gene remarks, “We were even after all, even in enmity.”

In realizing Finny has kept him from succeeding in his studies, Gene remarks, “We were even after all, even in enmity” (Knowles 46).

Page 30: Introduction

QUOTE WITH INTRODUCTION LAST“We were even after all, even in enmity,”

Gene reflects after discovering Finny had set out to make him fail.

“We were even after all, even in emnity,” Gene reflects after discovering Finny had set out to make him fail (Knowles 46).

Page 31: Introduction

QUOTE INTERRUPTED“We were even after all,” Gene remarked

after discovering Finny had made him fail, “even in enmity.”

“We were even after all,” Gene remarked after discovering Finny had made him fail, “even in enmity” (Knowles 46).

Page 32: Introduction

WORKS CITED If you use a parenthetical citation, you

must have a works cited Works cited is its own page (no other

text) Heading, centered: Works Cited Beneath it, alphabetical list of all works

cited.


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