introduction and scope of pharmacognosy by dr.u.srinivasa, professor, srinivas college of pharmacy,...
DESCRIPTION
Useful for the first year b.pharma studentsTRANSCRIPT
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INTR
ODUCTION
TO
PHARMACOGNOSY
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DEFINITION :
Pharmacy is the science of drug
making / deals with their procurement
(bring about), testing, storage and
conversion into suitable forms
( tablets, capsules, emulsions etc)
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DRUG :
Any substance used in the
treatment of disease or diagnosis is
known as drug . Diagnosis is the
determination of nature of disease.
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CRUDE DRUG
It is the simple drug ,crude drugs are
plant, animal and their parts which after
collection are subjected only to drying or
making them into transverse or
longitudinal pieces or peeling (stripping
off skin or bark).They exist in natural
forms.
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SOUCES OF DRUG
Drugs used in medicine may be organic and inorganic
in nature. Organic drugs are essentially of 2 types .
1. Purely synthetic : The product of man ‘s
creation of new chemical entities ( structures) non –
existent before the era of synthetic
chemistry. 2.Drugs of
biological origin : Produced in the living cell, biogenic
drugs (crude drugs)
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PHARMACOGNOSY
Pharmacognosy is the science of drugs of
biological origin ( plant, animal, mineral)
or The word
pharmacognosy was coined in 1815 by a German
Scientist SEYDLER has been derived from two
Greek words , Pharmacon ---- ‘ a drug, gignosco
– ‘ acquire the knowledge of
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Pharmacognosy is the subject of crude
drugs obtained from the plants
(vegetable), animal and mineral origin.
Or It can also defined as the objective
study of crude drugs of the natural
sources processed scientifically.
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The pharmacognosy is broadly defined as
the scientific and systematic study of the
structural, physical, chemical and sensory
characters of crude drugs of vegetable,
animal and mineral origin along with their
history, method of cultivation, collection
and preparation for the market.
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Recently it includes:
1- Modern isolation techniques.
2- Pharmacological testing procedures to prepare purified substances.
3- Cultivation and propagation by tissue culture
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SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
• Pharmacognosy has broad scope in the field of pharmacy such as :
• 1. ISOLATION OR ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL :
• Eg ; Strong acting substances such as glycosides from
digitalis leaves,
• Alkaloids from the plants of Belladonna, Hyocyamus,
Rauwlofia
• Morphine and other alkaloids from the plant opium were
isolated and clinical uses studied
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2. STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP :
Eg : Tubocurarine and Toxiferine from curare
plant have muscle relaxant properties because
of quaternary ammonium groups.
The hypotensive and tranquillizing actions of
reserpine are due to the trimethoxy benzoic
acid
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3. DRUGS OBTAIN:ED BY PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS:
Eg : Preparation of Steroid hormones from diosgenin by acetolysis
and oxidation and further preparation of cortisone by microbial
reactions.
4. NATURAL PRODUCTS AS MODELS FOR SYNTHESIS OF NEW DRUGS :
Eg: Morphine is the model of a large group of potent drugs .
Cocaine for local anaesthetics
Atropine for certain spasmolytics
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• 5. DRUGS OF DIRECT THERAPEUTIC USES :
• Among the natural constituents which even now cannot be
replaced are important group of antibiotics, steroids, ergot
alkaloids, vincristine etc
• 6. BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS INVESTIGATION :
• Biosynthetic pathways are of primary and secondary
metabolites.
• Some of the important pathways are Clavin ‘s cycle of
photosynthesis,
• Shikimic acid pathway of aromatic compounds
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• Acetate hypothesis for antharacene glycosides
• Isoprenoid hypothesis for terpens
• 7.CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS :
• clove, cinchona , cinnamon, senna, opium, etc
• 8. PREPARATION OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS :
• churnas, asvas, aristas, leha, etc
• 9. DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE CULTURED PLANTS
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Physical parameters
1.Mosture content
2.Ash values
3.Swelling factor
4.Extractive values
5.Melting point
6.Solubility
7.Optical rotation
8.Viscosity
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ASH VALUES
The residue remaining after incineration is
the ash content of the drug.( inorganic
salts of carbonates, phosphates, silicates
of sodium, potassium, calcium and
magnesium) is known as ash content.
Ash value is a criterion to judge the identity
OR purity of the crude drug
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TYPES OF ASH VALUES
1.Total ash value
2.Acid insoluble ash value
3.Sulphated ash value
4. Water soluble ash value
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Total ash value:
Useful for detecting low grade products
Useful for detecting exhausted products
Useful for detecting excess of sandy
Useful for detecting earthy matter with
drug
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DETERMINATION
1.Weigh accurately about 3gms of the powdered drug in a
tared silica crucible
2.Incinerate the powdered drug by gradually increasing the
heat until free from carbon and cool. Keep it in
desiccators
3. Weigh the ash and calculate the % of the total ash with
reference to the air dried sample
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Acid insoluble ash value :
1. Used for the determination of earthy matter present on
roots, rhizomes, and also on the leaves
2. Crude drugs contain calcium oxalate crystals the amount
may varies depending on the environmental conditions
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DETERMINATION
1. Boil the total ash obtained as above for 5 minutes with
25ml of dilute HCL
2.Filter and collect the insoluble matter on the ashless filter
paper , wash the filter paper with hot water, ignite in
tared crucible, cool and kept in desiccators
3.Weigh the residue and calculate the acid insoluble ash of
the drug
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Sulphated ash value :
Used for the detection of low grade products
Water soluble ash value :
Used to detect either material exhausted by water or not
( Tea leaves, Ginger rhizomes)
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SWELLING FACTOR
Significances :
Useful in the evaluation of crude drugs containing
mucilage
Useful for the detection of purity of the crude drug
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DETERMINATION
1. Transfer 1 gm of the seeds to a 25ml
stoppered cylinder
2. Fill up to the 20ml mark on the cylinder
with water. Agitate gently and occasionally
during 24 hours and allowed to stand
3.Measure the volume occupied by the
swollen seeds
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EXTRACTIVE VALUES
Significances :
1.Useful for the evaluation especially when the constituents of the drugs can not be readily estimated by any other means
2.It also helps to indicate the nature of chemical constituents present in the drug
3. Also helps in the identification of adulterants
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TYPES
1.Water soluble extractive values
2.Alcohal soluble extractive values
3.Ether soluble extractive values
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1.Water soluble extractive value is applied
for the drugs which contain water soluble
constituents such as tannins, sugars, plant
acids and mucilage.
2.Alcohol soluble extractive value is applied
for the drugs which contain alcohol soluble
constituents such as tannins, resins and
alkaloids
Official method for the assay of myrrh &
asafoetida
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3.Ether soluble extractive value is
applied for the extraction of volatile
oils, fixed oils and resins.
1.Volatile ether soluble extractive
value
2.Non volatile ether soluble extractive
value
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DETERMINATION
Water soluble extractive value:
1. Macerate about 5gm of the accurately weighed
coarse powder with 100ml of chloroform water in a
100ml volumetric flask for 24 hours .
2. Shake frequently for first 6 hours
3. Filter rapidly through filter paper and evaporate
25ml of water extract to dryness in a tared flat-
bottomed shallow dish.
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4. Dry the residue at 105 and weigh. Keep it in a
desiccators
5. Dry the extract to constant weight ,finally , calculate
the % W/W of Water soluble extractive value with
reference to the air dried drug.
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• Alcohol soluble extractive values
• Macerate about 5gm of the accurately weighed coarse
powder with 100ml of 90% alcohol in a 100ml stoppered
flask for 24 hours .
• Shake frequently for first 6 hours
• Filter rapidly through filter paper and collect the filtrate
evaporate 25ml of alcohol extract to dryness in a tared flat-
bottomed shallow dish.
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• Dry the residue at 105 and weigh. Keep it in a
desiccators
• Dry the extract to constant weight ,finally , calculate
the % w/w of alcohol soluble extractive value with
reference to the air dried drug.
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SIGNIFICANCE:
1.The method is generally used when standardization is not
done satisfactory by chemical or physical methods
2.When the quantity of the drug /sample are very less then
the drugs are evaluated by biological methods
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These methods are performed on living animals,
isolating living organ and tissue, animal preparation, and
micro-organism
( Bioassay)
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Following method is used as
1.Anti inflammatory activity
2.Analgesic activity
3.Antipyretic activity
4.Anti ulcer activity
5.Antidiabetic activity
6.Anthelmintic activity on earth worms
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7.Cardiac activity- on frog and pigeon
8.Microbiological methods- living bacteria, yeast, molds are
used for the assaying vitamins and to determine the
activity of antibiotic drugs