Introduction Cattle are phlegmatic animals and rarely

undertake strenuous exercise. As a result, signs of cardiac disease may

not be recognised until the disease is at an advanced stage.

Affected calves may show signs of poor growth and, in advanced cases, heart failure.

In mild cases there may be no external signs and the cardiovascular abnormality is only detected during a careful clinical examination.

Applied anatomy

The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the circulatory system. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.

R & L atrium receive blood from vein

Ventricle pump blood out of the heart

R.A receives deoxygenated blood from vein.

L.A receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.

Valves of the Heart The heart has two types of valves that keep the blood flowing

in the correct direction. The valves between the atria and ventricles are called

atrioventricular valves, while those at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles are called semilunar valves.

The right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve. The left atrioventricular valve is the bicuspid, or mitral, valve. The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk is

the pulmonary semilunar valve. The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the aortic

semilunar valve. When the ventricles contract, atrioventricular valves close to

prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. When the ventricles relax, semilunar valves close to prevent

blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Pathway of blood through heart

Both atria contract at the same time and both ventricle contract at the same time Heart work as two pump R & LPathway of blood through heart include three circulation:

1. Pulmonary circulation2. Systemic circulation3. Coronary circulation

Pulmonary circulation

The Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which Transports oxygen depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava enters the R A of the heart and flows through the the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, from which it is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries which go to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins return the oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

Then, oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body.

Systemic circulation Systemic circulation is the portion of the

cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart.

Systemic circulation is much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

Coronary circulation

The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart.

It provides oxygenated blood to the heart , through R & L coronary artry

Examination of the cardiovascular system

Anatomy of the heart Manifestation of CVS Disorders of the heart Clinical examination of the heart Special methode of examination

Anatomy of the heart

Deviated toword the left side of the median plain of the body opposite to the 3-6th intercostal space at the left side.

A.vena cava

Pul. artery

R. VL.V

L.A

Aorta

Position of the pulmonary (P), aortic (A) and bicuspid or mitral (B) heart valves.The stethoscope is advanced underthe triceps muscle to get as close to the valves as possible

Manifestation of CVS Lethargy Poor appetite (anorexia) Cough & Epistaxis syncope Weakness Difficult breathing (dyspnea) Distended abdomen (especially if the right heart is diseased) called

ascites odema Pale or bluish colored gums (cyanosis). tachycardia Decreased heart rate (brachycardia) A heart murmur during auscultation with the stethoscope Cool extremities Reduced mental capacity Jugular vein pulsation

Dist.AbdomenAscites

Brisket odema

DistendedJ.v

Submandibularodema

Disorders of the heart

Tachycardia Bradycardia Heart block

Tachycardia Tachycardia means increase in the

heart rate. Which occurred in the following conditions:

1. Febrile conditions 2. Cardiac hypertrophy 3. Myocardial diseases 4. Hypotension 5. Excitement, fair and pain 6. Anemia.

Bradycardia

Bradycardia means that decreasing in the heart rate as in case of -:

1. Hypoglycemia 2. Hypocalcemia 3. Jaundice 4. Congestive H.F. 5. Hydropericardium 6. Haemopericardium7. Perior to death

Hart blockHart block

Detected by E.C.G Heart block means that defecte or delaying or inhibition or interruption in the conduction of contractile impulse from pacemaker to the ventricle

Types of heart block:

1. Sinoatrial heart block.

2. Atrioventincular heart block.

3. Branch bundle heart block.

Physical Examination Of The Heart

Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation

InspectionInspection : is of low value in large ruminants

1-Inspection occurred by observation of the so called “Apex beat” causing movement of the chest

2-Apex beat can be observed in normal animal with :• Narrow chest • Thin wall of chest • Short coat• Good conditioned animal

3-Apex beat appeared clear in the following cases : sever exercise. Fever Hemolytic anemia (sever) Cardiac hypertrophy or dilatation

Palpation

1-Palpation of cardiac area detect the strength and extent of the cardiac impulse

it’s occurred by placing the palm of the hand over the cardiac area and slight pressure is applied to compress the chest wall.

2-Cardiac impulse is palpable on left side only in large animal and it may be week or absent in:

valvular insufficiency or stenosis

Percussion Percussion of the cardiac area provide “Dull sound”

because it’s gas free organAbnormalities Of Percussion:Increase of area of cardiac dullness1. Cardiac hypertrophy or dilatation 2. Hydro or haemopericardium. 3. Pericarditis especially in late stage4. Neoplasm Decrease of area of cardiac dullness 1. Pneumothorax2. Hydrothrax3. Pulmonary emphysema

Auscultation

chest piece of the stethoscope should pressed firmly against the chest wall on the left side in the 3-6th intercostals space beneath and above the point of elbow joint.Normal Heart Sounds:-Lubb dupp sound LUBB sound (Systolic sound ) Originated

from contraction of the ventricles and closure of atrioventricular valve

DUPP sound(Diastolic sound )Originated from the closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

Abnormal Heart Sounds By Auscultation

Murmurs (I )Endocardial Murmurs

It’s arises within the heart usually as a result of vulvular insufficiency or stenosis.Systolic murmurs :during systoles due to imperfect closure of the atrioventricular

valve (Bicuspid & tricuspid valve) .Diastolic murmurs :during diastole due to imperfect closure of semilunar valves.

(II )Pericardial Murmurs1- Frictional sound Ex: pericarditis in early stage or in pleurisy. 2- Muffled sound Occurred when the pericardial sac conations sufficient

amount of fluid so that the heart sound become faint and muffled be heart sound as came from a far distance.

Ex: Heme- or hydropericardium.3- Tinkling sound indicate the presence of gas on the surface of fluid. Gas production result from the presence of certain

bacteria which are introduced following the entry of a foreign body in case of traumatic pericarditis.

Special Methods Of Examination Of The

Heart

1. Angiocrdiography. 2. Phonocardiography.3. Electrocardiograph E.C.G. 4. Radiography.5. Pain test.

Pain test it is a specific test for confirmation the diagnosis of

traumatic pericarditis Walking on down hillUpward give no signs, Downward the animal show the

signs of pain or reluctant to walk. Pinching of weather the animal show the signs of pain. Turning the animal in acute angle it shows the signs of pain. Side stick method by raising the animal and suddenly release of the animal

we found the grunting sound

IN traumatic pericarditisauscultation of the heart according to the stage of thedisease as the following:-1-1st stage frictional sound due to roughness

and dryness of pericardial layer.2-2nd stage dribbling sound when sufficient

fluid present in the pericardial sac.3-3rd stage splashing or tinkling sound due to

presence of gas in pericardial sac due to anaerobic microorganisms which enter with the foreign body.

4-4th.Stage Muffled sound due to organization of the exudates in the pericardial sac.

Electrocardiograph

The ECG is of limited value in cattle but can be used to confirm abnormalities of rhythm.

Athree-lead system is used:-1. The right arm (RA) lead attached to the

thoracic wall over the base of the heart. 2. The left arm (LA) lead is attached over

the cardiac apex.3. The neutral (N) lead is attached to the

skin over the withers.

R A lead

L A lead

N lead

The right arm (RA) lead is placed on the neck, the left arm (LA) lead is placed on the chest wall just above the sternum, and the neutral (N) lead is placed on the wither

ECG

Ultrasonographic (US) evaluation

This is useful to detect abnormalities around the heart and some details of its internal structure.

Evidence of fluid within the pericardial sac may be seen as a black non-echogenic area surrounding the heart.

If the contents of the pericardial sac are purulent, flacks of hyperechogenic material may be seen.

Diagram of an ultrasonographic scan of an animal suffering from pericarditis showing the presence of a pericardial effusion

Body wall

Pericardial effusion

Wall of left ventricle

Tricuspidvalve

Pericardiocentesis

This technique is used to collect and assess pericardial fluid.

The needle is inserted through the chest wall into the pericardial sac and fluid is allowedto flow or is aspirated using a syringe .

Local anaesthetic is injected into the skin and muscle layers of the space between the 5th and 6th ribs.

Pericardiocentesis from an animal sufferingfrom pericarditis

Chest drain 5th rib

QUESTIONS