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Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

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Page 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

IntroductionChapter 1:

Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Page 2: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Characteristics of living things

1. Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are the

key molecules that form this structure for Earth’s organisms.

Note the difference between the scientific definition of organic vs. the organic foods movement’s definition!

Page 3: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Page 4: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Characteristics of living things

1. Respond to stimuli from their environment

Page 5: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Characteristics of living things

3. Exhibit homeostasis: Actively maintain a relatively constant internal environment and structure

Example: Humans sweat to cool off and maintain a body temperature of 98.6ºF

Page 6: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Characteristics of living things

4. Acquire and use materials and energy from the environment

Convert to different forms

Page 7: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Characteristics of living things

5. Growth

6. Reproduction DNA is the

molecule of heredity on Earth

Page 8: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Characteristics of living things

7. Have the capacity to evolve Change in the genetic composition, and thus the

characteristics, of a population over generations. It is populations, not individuals, that evolve

Page 9: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Diversity of life

1. Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

Domain Eukarya is further divided into Four Kingdoms

Fungi Plantae Animalia Protista

Page 10: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Diversity of life

2. Focus: Domains Bacteria & Archaea Single-celled Relatively simple; no nucleus (prokaryotic) No membrane-bound structures Relatively small Differ from each other structurally and biochemically…

Page 11: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Diversity of life

3. Focus: Domain Eukarya All have nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles Generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea We will explore differences among these groups…

Protista

Animalia

Fungi

Plantae

Page 12: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

What is the science of biology?Or, “Thinking like a scientist”

General scientific principles1. All events are traceable to natural causes.

No intervention of “supernatural forces” that do not act consistently with natural laws.

2. Natural laws apply throughout space and time. Example: Gravitational laws are the same throughout

the universe and throughout time.

3. People perceive natural events in similar ways. Allows different people to compare results of their

experiments.

Page 13: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

The scientific method (idealized)

1. Observations

2. Hypothesis Explanation for observed phenomena that is testable, and

thus falsifiable. Leads to one or more predictions that can be tested

3. Experiments Controlled observations that test specific predictions

4. Conclusion Did the experimental results support the hypothesis? Did the experimental results disprove the hypothesis?

Page 14: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

The scientific method (idealized):An example

In the 1600’s, Francesco Redi used the scientific method to challenge the idea that maggots in meat were produced by “spontaneous generation.”

Alternate hypothesis: “Maggots in meat are produced by spontaneous generation.”

Page 15: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Page 16: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Conclusions?

Original hypothesis (text): Flies produce maggots; keeping flies away will prevent the appearance of maggots.

Alternate hypothesis: “Maggots in meat are produced by spontaneous generation.”

Did the results support either hypothesis? Did the results falsify either hypothesis?

Notice the power of falsification!

Page 17: Introduction Chapter 1: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. Characteristics of living things 1.Complex organized structure Organic molecules (carbon framework!) are

Scientific theories

1. Like hypotheses, theories are testable and falsifiable!

2. Theories have been thoroughly tested; much supporting evidence has been found!

3. Developed via inductive reasoning. Many specific observations general theory.

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