introduction - elements of design

7/30/2019 Introduction - Elements of design

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Enqwma|kqemn

Ldlflnq{ m` Al{ebnQcl ldlflnq{ hwl kmfpmnlnq{ mw phwq{ rcekc

khn gl e{mdhqla hna al`enla en hnu e{|hd al{ebnmw rmwi m` hwq. Qclu hwl qcl {qw|kq|wl m` qcl

rmwi$ hna khn khwwu h real hwelqu m` fl{{hbl{.


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Qcl ldlflnq{ hwl:

_menq

Denl@mwf$ {chpl hna {phklFmlflnq

Kmdmw_hqqlwn

Qlsq|wl


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_menq Lln e` qclwl e{ mndu mnl

pmenq$ mnl fhwi mn h gdhniphbl qclwl e{ {mflqcenbg|edq enqm qcl gwhen qchq redd{flhnenb `mw eq$ hna {lli{{mfl iena m` wldhqemn{cepmw mwalw$ e` mndu qm |{l eq h{

h pmenq m` mwelnqhqemn enwldhqemn qm qcl m|qdenl m`qcl phbl. E` qclwl hwl qrmpmenq{$ efflaehqldu qcl lulredd fhil h kmnnlkqemnhna '{ll' h denl. E` qclwl hwlqcwll pmenq{$ eq e{|nhmeahgdl qm enqlwpwlqqclf h{ h qwehnbdl9 qclfena {|ppdel{ qclkmnnlkqemn{.


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Qcl enmd|nqhwu redd&qm&mwalw qchq rl efpm{l mn hkmddlkqemn m` pmenq{ khn gl kdlhwdu {lln.

Hq rchq {qhbl am qcl hpphwlnqdu

whnamf pmenq{ m` hd|l glkmflealnqe`ehgdl h{ h `hkl=

Hq rchq pmenq am qclu glkmflh {plke`ek `hkl=


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Denl e{ nmq nlkl{{hwedu hn hwqe`ekehd kwlhqemn m` qcl

hwqe{q mw al{ebnlw9 eq lse{q{ en nhq|wl h{ h {qw|kq|whd`lhq|wl {|kc h{ gwhnkcl{$ mw h{ {|w`hkl al{ebn$ {|kc

h{ {qwepenb mn h qeblw mw h {lh{cldd.

Eq khn `|nkqemn enalplnalnqdu qm {|bbl{q `mwf{ qchqkhn gl wlkmbnezla$ lln rcln qcl denl{ hwl defeqla en

lsqlnq.

Denl{ khn gl kmfgenla reqc mqclw denl{ qm kwlhqlqlsq|wl{ hna phqqlwn{. Qcl |{l m` denl enkmfgenhqemn wl{|dq{ en qcl alldmpflnq m` `mwf hnahd|l$ rcekc hwl mqclw ldlflnq{ m` al{ebn.


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Lspwl{{el X|hdeqel{ m` Denl

Klwqhen hwwhnblflnq{ m`denl hwl kmffmndu|nalw{qmma qm khwwu klwqheniena{ m` en`mwfhqemn.

@mw lshfpdl$ khddebwhpcu e{wlkmbnezhgdl h{ hwlpwl{lnqhqemn m` rmwa{$lln rcln rl am nmq inmrqcl dhnb|hbl. Khddebwhpcekefhblwu e{ m`qln |{la gufmalwn hwqe{q{ {efpdu

glkh|{l m` qcl fu{qlwem|{fl{{hbl{ efpdela en qcl'kmal' m` |ninmrndhnb|hbl.


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Denl en qcl `mwf m` fhp{ e{ wlhaedu wlkmbnezla h{ h {ufgmdekwlpwl{lnqhqemn m` h pdhkl. Qcl pdhkl fhu gl h dmkhd nlebcgmwcmma$ mwqcl lnqewl rmwda. Eq fhu gl h khwl`|ddu flh{|wla wlpwl{lnqhqemn$ mw h{qudezla aehbwhf$ {|kc h{ h {|grhu fhp. En leqclw kh{l$ rl |nalw{qhnaeq qm gl h alekl gu rcekc rl khn |nalw{qhna qcl wldhqemn{cepglqrlln pdhkl{9 cmr qm blq `wmf 'clwl' qm 'qclwl.'


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Cmwezmnqhd denl {|bbl{q{ h `lldenb m` wl{q mw wlpm{l.Mgjlkq{ phwhddld qm qcl lhwqc hwl hq wl{q en wldhqemn qmbwhequ. Qclwl`mwl kmfpm{eqemn{ en rcekc cmwezmnqhd denl{amfenhql qlna qm gl x|elq hna wl{q`|d en `lldenb. Mnl m` qcl

chddfhwi{ m`@whni Ddmua Rwebcq"{ hwkceqlkq|whd {qudl e{ eq{ |{lm` {qwmnb cmwezmnqhd ldlflnq{ rcekc {qwl{{ qcl wldhqemn{cep m`qcl {qw|kq|wl qm qcl dhna.


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Plwqekhd denl{ kmff|nekhql h`lldenb m` dm`qenl{{ hna

{peweq|hdequ. Lwlkq denl{ {llfqm lsqlna |prhwa{ glumnac|fhn wlhkc$ qmrhwa qcl {iu.Qclu m`qln amfenhql p|gdekhwkceqlkq|wl$ `wmf khqclawhd{ qmkmwpmwhql clhax|hwqlw{.

Lsqlnala plwplnaek|dhw denl{{|bbl{q hn mlwpmrlwenbbwhnal|w$ glumna mwaenhwuc|fhn flh{|wl.


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Aehbmnhd denl{ {|bbl{q h`lldenb m` fmlflnq mwaewlkqemn. [enkl mgjlkq{ enh aehbmnhd pm{eqemn hwl

|n{qhgdl en wldhqemn qmbwhequ$ glenb nleqclwlwqekhd nmw cmwezmnqhd$ qcluhwl leqclw hgm|q qm `hdd$ mwhwl hdwlhau en fmqemn.

En h qrm aefln{emnhd

kmfpm{eqemn aehbmnhd denl{hwl hd{m |{la qm enaekhqlalpqc$ hn edd|{emn m`plw{plkqel qchq p|dd{ qclelrlw enqm qcl pekq|wl&kwlhqenb hn edd|{emn m` h{phkl qchq mnl km|da fml

hgm|q reqcen. Qc|{ e` h`lldenb m` fmlflnq mw{plla e{ al{ewla$ mw h`lldenb m` hkqeequ$ aehbmnhddenl{ khn gl |{la.


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Cmwezmnqhd hna lwqekhd denl{ en kmfgenhqemn kmff|nekhql

{qhgedequ hna {mdeaequ. Wlkqedenlhw `mwf{ {qhu p|q en wldhqemn qm

bwhequ$ hna hwl nmq deildu qm qep mlw. Qce{ {qhgedequ {|bbl{q{plwfhnlnkl$ wldehgedequ hna {h`lqu.

Allp$ hk|ql k|wl{$ mn qcl mqclw chna$ {|bbl{q kmn`|{emn$q|wg|dlnkl$ lln `wlnzu$ h{ en qcl emdlnkl m` rhl{ en h {qmwf$ qcl

kchm{ m` h qhnbdla qcwlha$ mw qcl q|wfmed m` denl{ {|bbl{qla gu qcl`mwf{ m` h kwmra.

K|wla denl{ am hwu en flhnenb$ cmrllw. [m`q$ {chddmr k|wl{{|bbl{q kmf`mwq$ {h`lqu$ `hfedehwequ$ wldhshqemn. Qclu wlkhdd qclk|wl{ m` qcl c|fhn gmau$ hna qclwl`mwl chl h pdlh{enb$ {ln{|hdx|hdequ.

Qcl x|hdequ m` qcl denl e{ en eq{ld` h `|nahflnqhd e{|hd dhnb|hbl$ qmhn lsqlnq qchq khnnmq gl kdhefla `mw hnu mqclw {enbdl ldlflnq. Eq{ |{le{ {m |nelw{hd qchq rl hwl hdd pwm`m|nadu {ln{eqel qm eq.


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@mwf$ [chpl hna [phkl

@mwf hna {chpl hwl hwlh{ mw fh{{l{ rcekc al`enl

mgjlkq{ en {phkl. @mwf hna {chpl efpdu {phkl9 enalla qclukhnnmq lse{q reqcm|q {phkl.


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Qclwl hwl hwem|{ rhu{ qm khqlbmwezl `mwf hna {chpl. @mwf hna

{chpl khn gl qcm|bcq m` h{ leqclw qrm aefln{emnhd mw qcwllaefln{emnhd. Qrm aefln{emnhd `mwf ch{ reaqc hna clebcq. Eq khnhd{m kwlhql qcl edd|{emn m` qcwll aefln{emn mgjlkq{. Qcwll aefln{emnhd

{chpl ch{ alpqc h{ rldd h{ reaqc hna clebcq.

@mwf hna {chpl khn hd{m gl al{kwegla h{ leqclw mwbhnek mwblmflqwek. Mwbhnek `mwf{ {|kc h{ qcl{l {nmr&kmlwla gm|dalw{qupekhddu hwl ewwlb|dhw en m|qdenl$ hna m`qln h{ufflqwekhd. Mwbhnek

`mwf{ hwl fm{q m`qln qcm|bcq m` h{ nhq|whddu mkk|wwenb.


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Blmflqwek `mwf{ hwl qcm{l rcekc kmwwl{pmna qm nhfla wlb|dhw{chpl{$ {|kc h{ {x|hwl{$ wlkqhnbdl{$ kewkdl{$ k|gl{$ {pclwl{$kmnl{$ hna mqclw wlb|dhw `mwf{. Hwkceqlkq|wl$ {|kc h{ qce{lshfpdl gu @whni Ddmua Rwebcq$ e{ |{|hddu kmfpm{la m`blmflqwek `mwf{. Qcl{l `mwf{ hwl fm{q m`qln qcm|bcq m` h{

kmn{qw|kqla mw fhal.


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Qclwl hwl {llwhd iena{ m` hg{qwhkq efhbl{. Blnlwhddu$ hg{qwhkqemn{

hwl 'hg{qwhkqla' mw alwela `wmf wlhde{qek efhbl{ & plwchp{lln ae{qmwqla&&$ g|q plwchp{ en {|kc h rhu qchq qcl {m|wkl e{ nmqefflaehqldu hpphwlnq.

Mn qcl mqclw chna$ {mfl hg{qwhkq hwq efhbl{ hwl gh{la mn h p|wl{q|au m` `mwf$ denl$ hna kmdmw$ hna am nmq wl`lw qm hnu wlhd&rmwda mgjlkq mw {klnl. {|kc hwq rmwi{ hwl {mflqefl{ wl`lwwla qm

h{ nmn&mgjlkqel efhbl{.

Kchwekhq|wl e{ h {plkehd en{qhnkl m` hg{qwhkqemn$ en rcekc wlhde{qekefhbl{ hwl ae{qmwqla qm fhil h {qhqlflnq hgm|q qcl plmpdl$pdhkl{$ mw mgjlkq{ pmwqwhula. Qce{ e{ pwmghgdu qcl iena m`hg{qwhkqemn rl hwl fm{q `hfedehw reqc$ h{ eq e{ kmn{qhnqdu pwl{lnqla

qm |{ eh hdd {mwq{ m` pmp|dhw flaeh.


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M|w plwklpqemn m` {chpl hna `mwf hwl h``lkqla gu {llwhd`hkqmw{. Qcl pm{eqemn mw elrpmenq `wmf rcekc rl {ll hn mgjlkqredd lfpch{ezl mw mg{k|wl klwqhen `lhq|wl{$ hna qclwl`mwl h``lkq

qcl efpwl{{emn eq fhil{.

Qcl kchwhkqlw hna {m|wkl m` debcq hd{m kchnbl{ qcl plwklelakchwhkqlw m` qcl mgjlkq. Debcqenb en h pcmqmbwhpcek pmwqwheq$ `mw

lshfpdl$ khn fhil qcl {|gjlkq dmmi mdalw$ um|nblw$ awhfhqek$ mwwhqclw hg{qwhkq.

Qrm Aefln{emnhd @mwf

Qrm aefln{emnhd `mwf e{ qcl `m|nahqemn m` pekqmwehd mwbhnezhqemn mwkmfpm{eqemn en phenqenb$ pcmqmbwhpcu$ hna fhnu mqclw flaeh. Eq e{

kwlhqla en h n|fglw m` rhu{.

Eq khn gl al`enla gu denl$ en hdd qcl rhu{ al{kwegla hgml. Denl$leqclw lspdekeq mw efpdela$ pwmeal{ qcl kmnqm|w m` `mwf{.


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Phd|l #qcl wldhqeldebcqnl{{ mw ahwinl{{ m`h kmdmw% khn hd{m alnl`mwf. [qwmnb kmnqwh{q{ enhd|l reqcen hkmfpm{eqemn fhu alnl

qcl gm|nahwel{ m` `mwf{. Bwhahqemn{ m` hd|l$ mw

{chaenb$ khn hd{m kwlhqlqcl edd|{emn m` kmnqm|w hnamd|fl.


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En qcl {hfl rhu$ c|lkmnqwh{q{ hna bwhahqemn{ khnhd{m alènl `mwf{. @mwf fhu

hd{m gl alènla gu kchnbl enqlsq|wl$ lln rcln c|l hna

hd|l wlfhen l{{lnqehddu

kmn{e{qlnq. Cmrllw$ fm{q

qupekhddu$ `mwf e{ alènla gu hkmfgenhqemn m` qcl{l `hkqmw{$h{ e{ qcl kh{l en qce{ pwenq gu

Fhs Lwn{q.


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@mwf en wldhqemn

qm pm{eqel hna nlbhqel {phkl

@mwf{ hna {chpl{ khn gl qcm|bcq m` h{ pm{eqel mw nlbhqel. En hqrm aefln{emnhd kmfpm{eqemn$ qcl mgjlkq{ kmn{qeq|ql qcl pm{eqel`mwf{$ rcedl qcl ghkibwm|na e{ qcl nlbhqel {phkl.

Eq{ ae``ek|dq qm ebnmwl qcl ghkibwm|na hna qwlhq eq h{ flwldulfpqu {phkl. Qcl l``lkqel pdhklflnq m` mgjlkq{ en wldhqemn qmqcl {|wwm|naenb nlbhqel {phkl e{ l{{lnqehd `mw {|kkl{{ en

kmfpm{eqemn.


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Qrm Aefln{emnhd Edd|{emn m`Qcwll Aefln{emnhd @mwf

Qrm aefln{emnhd `mwf{ khn kwlhql qcl edd|{emn m` qcwllaefln{emnhd {chpl{ hna {phkl{.


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Qcl hnkelnq Wmfhn{ cha qcl hgedequ qm alpekq alpqc en qclewphenqenb{. Cmrllw a|wenb qcl Feaadl Hbl{ L|wmplhn hwqe{q{ dm{q

qcl {iedd m` alpekqenb qcwll aefln{emnhd edd|{emn{ hkk|whqldu.Enalla$ qce{ iena m` wlhde{f rh{ nmq efpmwqhnq `mw qcl p|wpm{l{m` e{|hd efhbl{ en qcl lhwdu Kcwe{qehn lwh$ rcln `eb|wl{ hna

dhna{khpl{ rlwl enqlnala h{ h iena m` blnlwek {cmwqchna `mw qcl

wldebem|{ hna ce{qmwekhd {qmwel{ glenb qmda.


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Hdd qce{ kchnbla en qcl dhql8


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Qcl qmmd{ `mw kwlhqenb edd|{emn{ m` qcwll aefln{emnhd {phkl hwl

mlwdhppenb$ kchnbenb {ezl hna pdhklflnq$ denlhw plw{plkqel$wldhqel c|l hna hd|l$ hna hqfm{pclwek plw{plkqel.

Qcl {efpdl{q qmmd `mw enaekhqenb qcwll aefln{emnhd {phkl e{mlwdhppenb. Qcl l``lkq e{ hkkmfpde{cla gu hddmrenb qcl kmnqm|w m`mnl `mwf qm gl enqlww|pqla gu qcl kmnqm|w m` hnmqclw `mwf$ {m qchq

mnl {|plw{lal{ qcl mqclw. Qce{ alekl khn gl {lln en qce{ Guzhnqenlfm{hek h{ ewq|hddu qcl mndu {phqehd k|l. Qcl mlwhdd kmfpm{eqemn

hpplhw{ qm gl x|eql `dhq$ reqc mndu qcl {|gqdl {ebnhd m` qcl mlwdhppenb

m` bhwflnq{ qm qldd |{ rcm e{ en `wmnq hna rcm e{ `hwqclw ghki. Qcll``lkq e{ h{ e` hdd qcl plmpdl hwl kwmrala |p hbhen{q qcl 'renamr' m`

qcl pekq|wl& h lwu `dhq l``lkq.


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Qcl nlsq dlld m` {phqehd {ebnhd{e{ pwmeala gu kchnbenb {ezlhna pdhklflnq.

Qcl bwlhql{q dlhp `mwrhwa enqcl wlpwl{lnqhqemn m` qcwllaefln{emnhd {phkl mkk|wwla enqcl 8


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C|l hna hd|l hwl lwu efpmwqhnq k|l{ qchq qldd |{ rclqclw hnmgjlkq e{ nlhw mw `hw. En blnlwhd$ rl qlna qm wlha rhwf c|l{ h{glenb kdm{lw qchq kmmd c|l{.

Ae{qhnq mgjlkq{ qlna qm gl leqclw {efedhw mw nl|qwhd en hd|l$ hnaal{hq|whqla en c|l. Kdm{l mgjlkq{ qlna qm lscegeq {qwmnblw$ fmwl{hq|whqla c|l{$ hna-mw fmwl kmnqwh{qenb hd|l{$ enkd|aenblsqwlfl{ m` ahwi hna debcq.


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Hqfm{pclwek plw{plkqelkmfgenl{ {llwhd `lhq|wl{al{kwegla hgml. Eq mplwhql{rcln mgjlkq{ pdhkla en qcl|pplw chd` m` qcl phbl$ hna|nalw{qmma qm gl `hw hrhu$dhki kmnqwh{q$ alqhed$ hnaqlsq|wl. En qce{ phenqenb guCelwmnuf|{ Gm{kc$ qcl |pplwx|hwqlw m` qcl phbl qlna{ qm

{cmr dl{{ kmnqwh{q hna alqhed.

Nmq mndu am qcl fm{q ae{qhnqmgjlkq{ qlna qm gl en qcl|pplw chd` m` um|w `elda m`e{emn$ hwlh{ enqlnala qm gl{cmrn h{ ae{qhnq redd gl

nleqclw lsqwlfldu ahwi mw debcqen hd|l$ nmw gl gwebcqdukmdmwla #enqln{l en c|l%.


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Eq e{ hd{m pm{{egdl qm gwlhihdd m` qcl{l w|dl{ p|wpm{lduen mwalw qm kwlhql qcwllaefln{emnhd edd|{emn{ qchqkhn `mmd qcl elrlw hna-mw km|da nllw lse{q en hnhkq|hd qcwll aefln{emnhdfmald.

En Kcenl{l hwq$ cmrllw$qcl w|dl{ hppdela qm kwlhqemnm` plw{plkqel hwl {efpduae``lwlnq. M`qln wl`lwwla qmh{ '`dmhqenb _lw{plkqel$'en qce{ hppwmhkc h{ qclelrlw"{ pmenq m` elr {ce`q{`wmf 'nlhw' qm '`hw' phwq{ m`

qcl efhbl$ qcl denlhwplw{plkqel pmenq m` elrhd{m {ce`q{.


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Qcwll Aefln{emnhd @mwf

Qcwll aefln{emnhd {chpl hna{phkl e{ qcl gh{e{ m`hwkceqlkq|wl hna fm{qal{ebnla mgjlkq{. Qclwl hwlhaala al{ebn kmn{ealwhqemn{ enqchq qcl mgjlkq redd gllsplwelnkla `wmf fmwl qchnmnl {eal. En qcl kh{l m`hwkceqlkq|wl$ qcl al{ebn m` qcl{chpl e{ hdfm{q {lkmnahwu qmqcl al{ebn m` qcl {phkl eqkmnqhen{$ {enkl qcl lna |{lfhendu enmdl{ qcl {phklrcekc redd gl mkk|pela. En

{k|dpq|wl$ qmm$ qcl {phklal`enla gu qcl {chpl m` qcl{k|dpq|wl fhu gl hn efpmwqhnqh{plkq m` qcl qmqhd al{ebn.


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Qcwll aefln{emnhd {chpl ch{hn lspwl{{el mkhg|dhwu

{efedhw qm qchq m` denl. Qce{mgem|{du `mddmr{$ {enkl denl e{hdrhu{ efpdela gu qclkmnqm|w{ m` {chpl{. @mwlshfpdl$ wlkqedenlhw {chpl{{|bbl{q {qhgedequ.

Hnb|dhw {chpl{ pdhklaaehbmnhddu en wldhqemn qmbwhequ {|bbl{q en{qhgedequ.

[chpl{ qchq lscegeq {m`qduk|wenb {|w`hkl{ {|bbl{qx|elq$ kmf`mwq$ hna{ln{|hdequ.


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Fmlflnq Fmlflnq e{ qcl al{ebn ldlflnq qchq mplwhql{ en qcl `m|wqc

aefln{emn & qefl. Fmlflnq e{ qcl pwmkl{{ m` wldmkhqemnm` mgjlkq{ en {phkl mlw qefl. Rl khn {plhi m` fmlflnqh{ deqlwhd mw kmfpm{eqemnhd.


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Qcl enlnqemn m`fmqemnpekq|wl{ enqwma|kla qclldlflnq m` fmlflnq qm

e{|hd dhnb|hbl.Larlhwa F|ugweabl ch{glln kwlaeqla `mw `ew{qalldmpenb qcl ealh m`qhienb h {lwel{ m`pcmqmbwhpc{ qchqkmfgenla km|da glelrla h{ h fmenbpekq|wl$ hkq|hddu amnl qm{lqqdl h glq h{ qmrclqclw hdd `m|w `llq m` hbhddmpenb cmw{l rlwlllw m`` qcl bwm|na hqqcl {hfl qefl.

Qce{ `ew{q fmqemn pekq|wlrh{ fhal en 8327.


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Qcl x|l{qemn `mw phenqlw{hna mqclw{ rmwienb en{qhqek flaeh rh{ cmr qmkhpq|wl qcl {ln{l m` efpdelafmlflnq en qcl `eslaefhbl qchq km|da nmqdeqlwhddu fml.

_wemw qm fmqemn pekq|wl{$hwqe{q{ qwela qm {cmrfmlflnq qcwm|bcaehbmnhd #m``&ghdhnkl%|{l m` denl hnapm{eqemnenb m` efhbl{ en

qcl kmfpm{eqemn.


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Cmrllw$ nlr hppwmhkcl{ rlwl{|bbl{qla gu qcl @|q|we{qphenqlw{ {|kc h{ Ghddh |{la qcl{lealh{ qm kldlgwhql {plla hnafmlflnq. Fhwkld A|kchfp"{N|al Al{klnaenb h [qhewkh{l hd{mhqqlfpqla qm khpq|wl qcl lnqewl{lx|lnkl m` hkqemn qcwm|bc '{qmp&hkqemn' efhblwu.

Fmlflnq fhu hd{m gl kdh{{e`elah{ aunhfek. Aunhfek fmlflnqe{ kchwhkqlwezla gu fmlflnq m`qcl lul qchq `dmr{ {fmmqcdu`wmf mnl hwlh m` qclkmfpm{eqemn qm hnmqclw$ b|ealagu kmnqen|hqemn{ m` denl mw `mwf$hna gu bwhahqemn{ m` kmdmw mw `mwf.

Ahnkl e{ pwmghgdu qcl mdal{q hwq`mwf qchq enmdl{ fmlflnq. Eqe{ qcl |dqefhql lspwl{{el |{l m`qcl ldlflnq m` fmlflnq m`mgjlkq{ qcwm|bc {phkl en qefl.


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Kmdmw$ Phd|l hna C|l

Kmdmw e{ mnl m`qcl fm{q pmrlw`|dm` ldlflnq{. Eq ch{ qwlflnam|{lspwl{{el x|hdeqel{. \nalw{qhnaenbqcl |{l{ m` kmdmw e{ kw|kehd qml``lkqel kmfpm{eqemn en al{ebn hna

qcl `enl hwq{.

C|l e{ qcl kmwwlkq rmwa qm |{l qmwl`lw qm j|{q qcl p|wl {plkqw|fkmdmw{. Hnu beln kmdmw khn glal{kwegla en qlwf{ m` eq{ hd|lhna c|l. En haaeqmn$ qcl hwem|{

pcu{ekhd pclnmflnh hnapu{kcmdmbekhd l``lkq{ kmfgenl qmh``lkq m|w plwklpqemn{ m` h kmdmw.


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Phd|l e{ al`enla h{ qclwldhqel debcqnl{{ mwahwinl{{ m` h kmdmw.

Kmnqwh{q m` hd|l{lphwhql{ mgjlkq{ en{phkl$ rcedl bwhahqemn m`hd|l {|bbl{q{ fh{{ hnakmnqm|w m` h kmnqeb|m|{{|w`hkl.

C|l hd{m ch{ hd|l. Rclnkmnqwh{qenb c|l{ hwl fhal{efedhw en hd|l$ qcl {phqehdl``lkq{ hwl `dhqqlnla m|q. Enqcl kmdmw efhbl m` qcl`h{cemn fmald qcl kmhqawhr{ m|w hqqlnqemn qcwm|bc

kmnqwh{q m` c|l hdqcm|bc qcl{ien qmnl{ gdlna reqc qclghkibwm|na#wlflfglw qclmgjlkq m` qcl efhbl e{ qm {lddqcl kmhq$ nmq qcl fmald%.

Phd|l hna C|l


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C|l e{ qcl qlwf `mw qclp|wl {plkqw|f kmdmw{

kmffmndu wl`lwwla qm guqcl 'kmdmw nhfl{' & wla$mwhnbl$ ulddmr$ gd|l$bwlln emdlq & rcekchpplhw en qcl c|l kewkdl mwwhengmr.

Qclmwlqekhddu hdd c|l{ khngl fesla `wmf qcwll gh{ekc|l{$ inmrn h{ pwefhwel{.Rcln pebflnq pwefhwel{hwl hdd fesla qmblqclw$qcl qclmwlqekhd wl{|dq e{gdhki9 Qclwl`mwl pebflnq

fesq|wl e{ {mflqefl{wl`lwwla qm h{ {|gqwhkqelfesq|wl.


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Kmfpdlflnq{ hwl kmdmw{qchq hwl mppm{eql mnlhnmqclw mn qcl c|l kewkdl.

Rcln kmfpdlflnq{ hwlfesla reqc mnl hnmqclw enphenq$ qcl wl{|qenb f|qlaqmnl{ al{hq|whql mw a|dd qclc|l{. [|kc mppm{eql phew{khn hd{m gl kmfphwla enqlwf{ m` qclew wldhqel

rhwfqc hna kmmdnl{{. En qce{ 8


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Kmdmw Edd|{emn{

[mfl m` qcl l``lkq{ m` kmdmw mkk|w mndu en qcl lul hnagwhen m` qcl elrlw$ hna hwl nmq pcu{ekhd pwmplwqel{ m` debcqrhl{ mw pebflnq. Qcl{l edd|{emn{$ cmrllw$ hwl lwupmrlw`|d$ hna chl lnmwfm|{ efphkq mn m|w wl{pmn{l{ qmkmdmw.


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Wla e{ h{{mkehqla reqcgdmma$ hna reqc `lldenb{qchq hwl lnlwblqek$lskeqenb$ ph{{emnhql mwlwmqek.

Fm{q kmdmw{ khwwu gmqcpm{eqel hna nlbhqelefpdekhqemn{. Qcl amrn{ealm` wla lmil{ hbbwl{{el`lldenb{$ {|bbl{qenbhnblw mw emdlnkl.


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Mwhnbl e{ qcl kmdmw m` `dl{c$mw qcl `welnadu rhwfqc m`qcl clhwqc `ewl. Qcl pm{eqelefpdekhqemn{ m` qce{ kmdmw{|bbl{q hppwmhkchgedequ$en`mwfhdequ.

Qcl nlbhqel {eal febcq efpduhkkl{{egedequ qm qcl pmenq m`

{|bbl{qenb qchq hnumnl khn

hppwmhkc & h dhki m`ae{kwefenhqemn mw x|hdequ.


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Ulddmr e{ qcl kmdmw m` {|n{cenl. Qce{ kmdmw e{mpqefe{qek$ |pglhq$ fmalwn.Qcl lnlwbu m` ulddmr khnglkmfl mlwrcldfenb.Qclwl`mwl ulddmr e{ nmq h kmdmwqchq qlna{ qm amfenhql `h{cemn`mw dmnb plwema{ m` qefl.


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Bwlln En eq{ pm{eqel fmal$bwlln {|bbl{q{ nhq|wl #pdhnqde`l$ `mwl{q{%$ de`l$ {qhgedequ$wl{q`|dnl{{$ nhq|whdnl{{.

Mn qcl mqclw chna$ bwlln en

{mfl qmnl{ mw klwqhen kmnqlsq{

#{|kc h{ bwlln {ien% febcqen{qlha {|bbl{q alkhu #`|nb|{$fmda%$ qmsekequ$ hwqe`ekehdequ.


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Gd|l {|bbl{q{ kmmdnl{{$ae{qhnkl$ {peweq|hdequ$ mwplwchp{ wl{lwlaldlbhnkl. [mfl {chal m`gd|l e{ `dhqqlwenb qm hdfm{q

hnumnl.

En eq{ nlbhqel fmal$ rlkhn qceni m` qcl 'gd|l{ &

qcl efpdekhqemn glenb mnl

m` {hanl{{$ ph{{eequ$hdelnhqemn$ mwalpwl{{emn.


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Pemdlq e{ qcl kmdmw m``hnqh{u$ pdhu`|dnl{{$efp|d{elnl{{$ hnaawlhf {qhql{.

En eq{ nlbhqel fmal$ eq khn

{|bbl{q nebcqfhwl{$ mwfhanl{{.


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_hqqlwn

_hqqlwn e{ hn |nalwduenb {qw|kq|wl qchqmwbhnezl{ {|w`hkl{ mw {qw|kq|wl{ en hkmn{e{qlnq$ wlb|dhw fhnnlw. _hqqlwn khn gl

al{kwegla h{ h wlplhqenb |neq m` {chpl mw `mwf$ g|qeq khn hd{m gl qcm|bcq m` h{ qcl '{ildlqmn' qchqmwbhnezl{ qcl phwq{ m` h kmfpm{eqemn.


57/59


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Qlsq|wl

Qlsq|wl e{ qcl x|hdequ m`hn mgjlkq rcekc rl{ln{l qcwm|bc qm|kc. Eqlse{q{ h{ h deqlwhd {|w`hkl rlkhn `lld$ g|q hd{m h{ h{|w`hkl rl khn {ll$ hna

efhbenl qcl {ln{hqemn febcqchl e` rl `ldq eq.

Qlsq|wl khn hd{m glpmwqwhula en hn efhbl${|bbl{qla qm qcl lul rcekckhn wl`lw qm m|w

flfmwel{ m` {|w`hkl{ rlchl qm|kcla. [m h qlsq|wlkhn gl efhbenhwu.


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Kwlhqemn m` qcl edd|{emn m` qlsq|wl e{ hd{m hn efpmwqhnqldlflnq en fhnu phenqenb{$ awhrenb{$ qlsqedl al{ebn{$hna mqclw {|w`hkl al{ebn{. Qce{ khn gl mg{lwla hna

ae{k|{{la {lphwhqldu `wmf qcl qhkqedl x|hdeqel{ m` qclhkq|hd fhqlwehd{ hna {|w`hkl m` qcl rmwi.

introduction - elements of design

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