introduction: global change

Introduction: Global change

1/23

Introduction: Tree growth

AD 1850 AD 1992Black spruce

Forest limit---------------

0 kmNorway spruce

2 km

4 kmEuropean larch

Forest limit---------------

6 km

Lavoie & Payette, 19848 km

Rolland et al., 19982/23

Introduction: Previous studies

Wilmking et al.

Lopatin, Lopatin

Leonelli et al.

KlinkaHan

Reich

Monserud Hogg

p , pHanNigh

Rolland et alPinto et al.

Rolland et al.

Penuelas et al.Jump

Payette PiovesanSeynave et al.

p

Tree growth climate change3/23

Introduction: Media interest

4/23

Introduction: Definition of site index

Aspen (Chen et al 1998)Aspen (Chen et al., 1998)

Height growth (Site index) versus radial growth,

C t t ti t t d d ti it (f t t)Common measurement to estimate stand productivity (forest management),

Height growth related to diameter and volume of a tree,

5/23Available in forest inventory of the provinces i.e. BC, QC, NB…..

Introduction

Particularity

Large amount of tree species (14 = 60% tall and medium sized (≥ 9 m height) trees of BC),

y

Different geographic ranges,

Study area: larger and higher number of sampling plots.y g g p g p

Hypotheses

I: climate change improves height growth for the entire species,

II: height growth pattern differs with:g g pa) species geographic range,b) Species ontogeny i.e. shade tolerance, leaf form i.e. broadleaf vs needlesc) geographic locations (latitude, longitude, elevation).

6/23

Material and methods

BEC Plot (ecologically uniform, moderately dense, without major disturbance),

Samplings

Site index Plot (largest DBH, dominant or co-dominant, no suppressed or visible disease, full crown),

Site description (Bioclim. zones, coordinates, topography, soil description, age, Total height, site index),

Site index @ age 50 yrs (SI),

Climate change : Anomaly Maximum Temperature TMAX (May-August)

BEC plot (314 m2)

Climate change : Anomaly Maximum Temperature TMAX (May August) Palmer Drought Severity Index PDSI (May-August),

Site index plot (100 m2)

2

3

2

3

TMA

X (o C

)

-1

0

1

2

PD

SI

-1

0

1

2

Establishment180018401880 19201960 2000

-3

-2

Establishment1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000

-3

-2

7/23

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/recons.html)


8/23Study area (3027 sampling plots). Raindrop = PDSI location


Mean annual Mean annual

Biogeoclimatic zones

ea a ua

Temperature (°C)

ea a ua

Precipitation (mm)

Boreal White and Black Spruce -2.9-2 330-570

Sub-Boreal Spruce 1.7-5 440-900

Sub-Boreal Pine Spruce 0.3-2.7 335-580

Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir -2-2 400->2000g p p

Mountain Spruce 0.5-4.7 380-900

BunchGrass 5.8-9.2 242-328

Ponderosa Pine 4.8-10 280-500

Interior Douglas-Fir 1.6-9.5 300->1000

Interior Cedar-Hemlock 2-8.7 500-1200

Coastal Western Hemlock 5.2-10.5 1000-4400

Meidinger and Pojar 1991

9/23

Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP I)

10/23

Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP II)

11/23

Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP III)

12/23

Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP IV)

13/23

Material and methods: Studied tree species (GROUP II and IV)

14/23

Results: Increase height growth with climate change (H1)

Table 1. Simple correlation between site index, climate change and establishment years. Whit l i di t i ifi t l t 0 05

Species ranges Species TMAX PDSI EstablishmentSubalpine fir 0.052 0.100 0.102

White colour indicates significant value at α = 0.05.

Group I

pLodgepole pine 0.107 0.166 0.184

Paper birch 0.158 0.003 0.289

Trembling aspen 0.313 0.037 0.239

Group II

Western hemlock1 0.223 0.010 0.214

Western red cedar1 0.431 0.086 0.215

Douglas fir 0.095 0.193 0.258Group II

Engelmann spruce 0.124 0.101 0.251

Ponderosa pine 0.319 0.201 0.433

Western larch 0.104 -0.302 0.219

Bl k 0 452 0 351 0 509Group III

Black spruce 0.452 0.351 0.509

White spruce 0.298 0.250 0.301Pacific silver fir 0.264 0.439 0.440Western hemlock2 --0.146 0.187 0.226

Group IVWestern hemlock 0.146 0.187 0.226

Western red cedar2 0.420 0.371 0.318

Sitka spruce 0.257 0.749 0.665

Total 0.301 0.242 0.366

15/231 Interior range.2 Coastal range.

Results: Increase height growth with range, ontogeny and locations (H2)

1620242832

dex

(m)

1620242832

dex

(m)

048

1216

18001840

18801920

1960

495051

Site

ind

stabli

shmen

t

048

1216

18001840

18801920

1960

52545658

Site

ind

stabli

shmen

t

16/23

1800484950

Est

Latitude (N)

180048505254

Est

Latitude (N)


24303642

dex

(m)

18243036

dex

(m)

06

121824

18801900

19201940

1960

129130131

Site

ind

Estab

lishm

ent

06

1218

18001840

18801920

1960

120124128132

Site

ind

Estab

lishm

ent

17/23

1880128129130

EsLongitude (W)

1800112116120124

EsLongitude (W)


162024283236

inde

x (m

)

162024283236

inde

x (m

)

121620242832

ndex

(m)

048

12

18801900

19201940

1960

04008001200

Site

i

Estab

lishm

ent

Elevatio

048

12

18001840

18801920

1960

040080012001600

Site

i

Estab

lishm

ent

Elevatio

048

12

18001840

18801920

1960

040080012001600

Site

i

Estab

lishm

ent

Elevatio

18/23

evation (m)evation (m)

evation (m)

Results: Increase height growth with range, ontogeny and locations (H2)(°

C) 1

2

3

Cold

TMA

X (

-3

-2

-1

0

Warm 10

12x

(m)

Cold period of establishment : 1800-1870Warm period of establishment: ≥ 1920

Years1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 20003

6

8

of S

ite in

dex

0

2

4

Incr

ease

0

Sub

alpi

ne fi

rge

pole

pin

eP

aper

birc

hbl

ing

aspe

n

man

n sp

ruce

Dou

glas

fir

dero

sa p

ine

lack

spr

uce

Whi

te s

pruc

e

cific

silv

er fi

rer

n he

mlo

ckS

itka

spru

ce

Tota

l

SLo

dg PTr

emb

Eng

elm

Pon

d B W

Pac

Wes

te SPHG = a1*latitude + a2*longitude + a3*elevation + a4*slope + a5*aspect + a6*establishment + ε (0.09 > R2 > 0.65)

19/23

1 2 g 3 4 p 5 p 6 ( )

Conclusion: Tree growth & recent global warming

Shade tolerance

Microclimate

Geographic location

Microclimate

Non climatic range

Ecological amplitude (groups)

Leaf form

Soil properties

20/23

Conclusion: Postglacial hypothesis?

21/23

Perspectives

243036

x (m

)

25303540

x (m

)

06

121824

18401880

19201960

128132

Site

inde

x

ablis

hmen

t

05

10152025

19001920

19401960

130131

Site

inde

x

ablis

hmen

t

22/23

18001840

112116120124128132

Estab

Longitude (W)

18801900

126127128129130131

Estab

Longitude (W)

Perspectives

8

12

16

ndex

(m)

0

4

18001840

18801920

1960

545556575859

Site

in

Estab

lishm

ent

LatitudLatitude (N)

2832

) 2832

m)

048

12162024

18801920

1960Site

inde

x (m

blish

ment

048

12162024

18401880

19201960

Site

inde

x (m

blish

ment

23/23

0

1840

1880

112116120124128

Establi

Longitude (W)

18001840

48495051Es

tabl

Latitude (N)

Han Chen, supervisor

Gordon Nigh, co-author (Ministry of Forest, BC)

Shirley Mah (Ministry of Forest, BC)

Tomislav Sapic

Annie Desrochers

introduction: global change

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