Introduction:Introduction:Hydro StorageHydro Storage

Storage FormsStorage Forms

Storage ScalesStorage Scales

small, medium, large, extra large etc.

Current HCurrent H22 Storage Methods Storage Methods

Gaseous storage relies on steel Gaseous storage relies on steel pressure vessels and the compression pressure vessels and the compression

of hydrogen. of hydrogen. 

Liquid storage relies on similar Liquid storage relies on similar pressure vessels and compression. The pressure vessels and compression. The liquid hydrogen must be kept at a very liquid hydrogen must be kept at a very low temperature: minus 423 degrees F. low temperature: minus 423 degrees F.

Hydrogen Batteries, or solid storage, Hydrogen Batteries, or solid storage, convert chemical energy into electrical convert chemical energy into electrical

energy. energy.

Gaseous StorageGaseous Storage

• Energy density of gaseous hydrogen can be improved by storing hydrogen at higher pressures.

• Tank integrity is an important consideration.

• Volumetric capacity, high pressure and cost are thus key challenges for compressed hydrogen tanks

Current Uses – Current Uses – Gaseous StorageGaseous Storage

HyHaulerHyHaulerTMTM with TriShield with TriShieldTM TM storage tanks storage tanks from Quantum Technologies (5 kg).from Quantum Technologies (5 kg).

Consumer vehicles (even SUVs!).Consumer vehicles (even SUVs!). General Motors has delivered a hydrogen General Motors has delivered a hydrogen

powered HUMMER to the California powered HUMMER to the California Governor's office, dubbed the H2H.Governor's office, dubbed the H2H.

Hydrogen refueling stations in Hawai’i, Hydrogen refueling stations in Hawai’i, California, Washington D.C. and metro California, Washington D.C. and metro areas near you!areas near you!

HyHaulerHyHaulerTMTM1. Compresses and

stores the hydrogen in a transportable package.

2. Self-sustaining hydrogen refueling station that requires only electricity and water.

3. Cost-effective hydrogen infrastructure using a modular transportable system that can expand as demand grows.

Arnie’s on Arnie’s on board!board!

The H2H uses a supercharged version of the truck's original Vortec 6000 (6.0-liter V-8) internal combustion engine.

Refueling StationsRefueling Stations

Storage Caverns Storage Caverns

Hydrogen gas could Hydrogen gas could be stored in aquifers, be stored in aquifers, salt caverns or rock salt caverns or rock caverns, as well as caverns, as well as depleted oil and gas depleted oil and gas fields.fields.

England and France England and France both have long term both have long term experience in experience in underground hydrogen underground hydrogen storage.storage.

Storage CavernsStorage CavernsStorage caverns would be good Storage caverns would be good for large-scale storage of for large-scale storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen stored hydrogen. Hydrogen stored subsurface can be piped just subsurface can be piped just like natural gas, so we can use like natural gas, so we can use existing natural gas pipelines. existing natural gas pipelines.

Storing hydrogen in caverns Storing hydrogen in caverns would be inexpensive.would be inexpensive.

Liquid Liquid StorageStorage

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks can store more Liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks can store more hydrogen in a given volume than compressed gas hydrogen in a given volume than compressed gas tanks. tanks.

The energy requirement for hydrogen The energy requirement for hydrogen liquefaction is high; typically 30% of the heating liquefaction is high; typically 30% of the heating value of hydrogen is required for liquefaction.value of hydrogen is required for liquefaction.

Current Uses – Current Uses – Liquid Storage Liquid Storage

NASA is the primary NASA is the primary consumer of consumer of

liquid hydrogen for fuel. liquid hydrogen for fuel.

The second stage of the Saturn 5 rocket The second stage of the Saturn 5 rocket that took 3 men to the moon used liquid that took 3 men to the moon used liquid hydrogen.hydrogen. Large white spheres

to the left of launch pad are liquid hydrogen storage tanks.

Hydrogen Hydrogen

Batteries Batteries (Solid Storage) (Solid Storage)

Amount of energy the device can supply is not limited by Amount of energy the device can supply is not limited by the volume of the device. the volume of the device.

Separate power and energy modules, so the hydrogen Separate power and energy modules, so the hydrogen battery can be refueled and reused.battery can be refueled and reused.

There are a several options for storing hydrogen for use There are a several options for storing hydrogen for use in hydrogen batteries, but many have important draw-in hydrogen batteries, but many have important draw-backs.backs.

Metal Hydrides are by far the most efficient and Metal Hydrides are by far the most efficient and successful.successful.

Metal Metal HydridesHydrides

This method uses an alloy that can absorb and hold large amounts of This method uses an alloy that can absorb and hold large amounts of hydrogen by bonding with hydrogen and forming hydrides. A hydrogen by bonding with hydrogen and forming hydrides. A hydrogen storage alloy is capable of absorbing and releasing hydrogen storage alloy is capable of absorbing and releasing hydrogen without compromising its own structure. hydrogen without compromising its own structure.

The main obstacle in chemically storing hydrogen is the hydrogen to The main obstacle in chemically storing hydrogen is the hydrogen to weight ratio of the storage media. That is, it is desirable to store a weight ratio of the storage media. That is, it is desirable to store a large amount of hydrogen in the lightest unit. large amount of hydrogen in the lightest unit.

Once a negative electrode is fabricated, it must be activated, or Once a negative electrode is fabricated, it must be activated, or charged, with hydrogen. Then, during the battery's lifetime, it charged, with hydrogen. Then, during the battery's lifetime, it proceeds through many hydriding / dehydriding cycles.proceeds through many hydriding / dehydriding cycles.

Current Uses – HCurrent Uses – H22 BatteriesBatteries

Nickel-Hydrogen batteries are currently Nickel-Hydrogen batteries are currently the most popular space battery, with a 10-the most popular space battery, with a 10-20 year lifetime.20 year lifetime.

• Storage of home wind or solar energy surplus.

• Cell phones, laptops, portable electronics & more

• Other remote area portable electronics, such as military and medical equipment.

Hyundai Santa Hyundai Santa FeFe•60 kW electric drive

system.

•SUV powered by Panasonic nickel metal hydride batteries.

•Utilizes the rapid charging stations installed around the island of Oahu under the EV Ready State Project.

Hyundai TucsonHyundai Tucson•Driving range double that of Hyundai's first-generation vehicle, the Santa Fe FCEV.

•Driving range extended to 300 km (186 miles) thanks to its 152-liter (40-gallon) specially-developed hydrogen storage tanks.

GM Sees the GM Sees the Future Future

Powered off of electricity or sunlight. Powered off of electricity or sunlight.

The expectation is that early adopters will be The expectation is that early adopters will be able to fill up their own vehicles at home able to fill up their own vehicles at home while they wait for the hydrogen while they wait for the hydrogen infrastructure to be built out. infrastructure to be built out.

Honda has begun work on a similar product.Honda has begun work on a similar product.

Areas forAreas for

1.1. Storage capacityStorage capacity

2.2. Energy costsEnergy costs

3.3. Material costsMaterial costs

Continued Continued ProgressProgress

Promising SolutionsPromising Solutions

Carbon Carbon NanotubesNanotubes DOE states that a DOE states that a

storage material storage material needs to store 6.5% needs to store 6.5% hydrogen by weight.hydrogen by weight.

Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes may store up to 10% may store up to 10% of their weight in of their weight in hydrogen.hydrogen.-National Renewable Energy Laboratory-National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Carbon Carbon Nanotubes:Nanotubes:

1) T. Yildirim and S. Ciraci, "Titanium-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as a Potential High-Capacity Hydrogen Storage Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, p. 175501 (2005). (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050604203624.htm) 2) First principles hydrogen storage on Li12C60. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 (30), 9741 -9745, 2006

A titanium-coated carbon nanotube could

store 8% hydrogen by volume.1

A lithium-coated carbon sphere (a “buckyball” could hold 9% hydrogenby volume.

Theoretical ExamplesTheoretical Examples

Carbon Carbon NanotubesNanotubes

The Department of Energy awarded $150 million in grant money in 2004 to

focus on hydrogen storage alone.

Program goals (2010):1. Meet DOE’s goal of 6% hydrogen storage by

weight2. Mass produce optimized material3. Avoid use of precious heavy metals

One example: James Tour, Rice University

Source:James Tour, Rice University http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26_tour.pdf

Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes

The Cost:The Cost: ““Presently available in bulk Presently available in bulk

quantities for about $1000/kg, quantities for about $1000/kg, compared to $1000/g ~7 years compared to $1000/g ~7 years ago.”ago.”

Price of bulk nanotubes decreases Price of bulk nanotubes decreases by about a factor of 10 every 3 by about a factor of 10 every 3 years.years.

Source: James Tour, Rice University http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26_tour.pdf

Solution 2: TabletsSolution 2: Tablets

Solid storage of Solid storage of hydrogen hydrogen accomplished by accomplished by infusing ammonia infusing ammonia into sea salts.into sea salts.

Store 9.1% Store 9.1% hydrogen by weight.hydrogen by weight.

Virtually no Virtually no necessary safety necessary safety precautions with the precautions with the solid tablets.solid tablets.

Hydro PillHydro Pill

““Should you drive a car Should you drive a car 600 km using gaseous 600 km using gaseous hydrogen at normal hydrogen at normal pressure, it would pressure, it would require a fuel tank with require a fuel tank with a size of nine cars. With a size of nine cars. With our technology, the our technology, the same amount of same amount of hydrogen can be stored hydrogen can be stored in a normal gasoline in a normal gasoline tank.” tank.”

-Professor Claus Hviid Christensen, -Professor Claus Hviid Christensen, Department of Chemistry at DTU.Department of Chemistry at DTU.

Hydro PillHydro Pill

Ammonia is the second Ammonia is the second most commonly most commonly produced chemical in the produced chemical in the world.world.

A large infrastructure for A large infrastructure for making, transporting making, transporting and distributing and distributing ammonia already exists.ammonia already exists.

YAY, WE HAVE IT! YAY, WE HAVE IT!

Small is ProfitableSmall is Profitable

It is cost prohibitive to store electricity in It is cost prohibitive to store electricity in large quantities, and so it effectively has a large quantities, and so it effectively has a short shelf-life – kind of like milk.short shelf-life – kind of like milk.

Modularity improves the rate of response Modularity improves the rate of response to demand changes – no more to demand changes – no more overbuilding to meet expected demands overbuilding to meet expected demands or grid-locking major transmission lines.or grid-locking major transmission lines.

““hasta la vista, hasta la vista, fossil fuels.”fossil fuels.”