Introduction

PA 481 C

Clinical Anatomy & Physiology

Dr. Tony Serino

“The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science.”

Hippocrates ~350 B.C.E

Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy –study of body structures and their relationships

• Physiology –study of body mechanisms (homeostasis)

• Andreas Vesalius’s De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body) 1543 AD; was the founding work on which Anatomy is based

Types of Anatomy• Regional Anatomy –study of body structure by focusing

on a specific part, region, or subregion including all of its systemic features. Useful for:– Understanding 3D arrangements of structures

– Layers of the body

– The relationships among its structures

• Surface Anatomy –study of body surface, referencing what lies beneath– Useful for visualization of internal anatomy

– Used in medical diagnosis (palpation) and treatment

• Systemic Anatomy –study of body structure focusing on organ systems– The way most undergrad anatomy is taught

Systems and related Medical Field• Integumentary Dermatology

• Skeletal Osteology

• Joints Arthrology

• Muscular Mycology

• Nervous Neurology

• Circulation Angiology

• Heart Cardiology

• Digestion Gastroenterology

• Respiratory Pulmonology

• Urinary Urology

• Reproductive Gynecology (female), Andrology (male)

• Endocrine Endocrinology

Orthropedics

Body Plan• Tube within a tube

• Internal vs. External environment

• Bilateral Symmetry

• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

Body Cavities: spaces within internal environment

(Peritoneal cavity)

Serous Membranes & Mesenteries• Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) lining the

body cavities (parietal) and their organs (visceral)• Each membrane is named for the cavity it lines• Form double membranes which suspend organs within

cavities• True mesenteries connect the body wall to the organ• Ligaments connect organ to organ

Visceral vs. Parietal

Parietal membrane

Body Cavity filled with serous fluid

Visceral membrane

Pericardium

Pleura

Parietal Pleura

Visceral Pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal Peritoneum

Peritoneum

Visceral PeritoneumPeritonealcavity

Body Plan

Body Planes

• Tube within a tube

• Bilateral Symmetry

• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

Anatomical Position

Body Plan

• Tube within a tube

• Bilateral Symmetry

• Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

Anatomical directions.

Anatomical Variation

• Anatomy described here represents 70% of the population

• Expect variation in specimens

• Veins vary most, arteries and nerves the least.

Ooops! Didn’t expect this in the abdomen.

Things one never wants to hear in the OR.

Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a constant internal environment

• Uses a reflex arc to self regulate

• Reflex functions to maintain a certain set point with a narrow physiological range

Set Point and Range

Factors Affecting Homeostasis

• Feedback –negative or positive

• Feed-forward regulation

• Acclimatization

• Biorhythms

Body Fluids

Transcellular fluids are filtrates of the plasma

Important Ions

Systems Overview

• Next few lectures will deal with anatomy and physiology that is represented throughout most regions of the body.

• Systems include: Integument, Skeletal, Muscular, Vessels (CV and Lymphatic), and Nervous Systems