introduction quantum computers and their basic architecture
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic
Architecture
Guided by: Presented by:Prasanth P Menon Hrisheekesh RAsst. Professor S7 EC-ADept. of ECE Roll No : 62
![Page 2: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Overview
• Classical Computers
• Introduction to Quantum Computers
• Elements of Quantum Computation
• Basic Architecture
• Conclusion
• References
![Page 3: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Classical Computers
• Very simple logic; an array of 0s and 1s represents a number.
• Easy to store, manipulate and to handle, Implemented using
transistors.
• Much time and money is being invested in developing new,
powerful and smaller ones.
• Primary approach being reducing the size of the transistors used in
the systems.
![Page 4: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Moore’s Law
Fig.1: Plot of Moore’s Law
![Page 5: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Present Day Transistor
Fig 2. The Size of a Transistor
![Page 6: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Motivation
![Page 7: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Fig. 3 Travelling Salesman Problem
![Page 8: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Introduction
• Quantum Computation was first thought of by Richard Feynman
who said that
“By using the quantum mechanical effects, faster computation can
be achieved.”
• This was found when scientists tried simulating these effects on a
computer.
![Page 9: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
How Does it Look Like.?
Fig 4. Quantum Computer Situated at Google.
Fig 5. Commercially Available D-Wave Quantum Computer
![Page 10: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Quantum Parallelism
• The speed of Classical computers can be improved by using
parallelism.
• In contrasted with quantum systems, parallelism is exponentially
increased with the linear increase in the size of the system
• Because of it’s inheritance. Parallelism is inbuilt in quantum
systems
![Page 11: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Qubits
• A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two
states is known as a qubit,
• Physical implementation of a qubit uses the two energy levels of
an atom.
• Excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.
![Page 12: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Qubits contd..
• A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states
denoted by the addition of the state vectors:
|> = 1 |0> + 2 |1>
• Where 1 and 2 are complex numbers and | 1 | + | 2 | = 1
• A qubit in superposition is in both of the states |1> and |0 at the
same time
![Page 13: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Qubits contd...
Excited State
Ground State
Nucleus
Light pulse of frequency for time interval t
Electron
State |0> State |1>
Light pulse of frequency for time
interval t/2
State |0> State |0> + |1>
Fig 6. Representation of Qbits
![Page 14: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Data Retrieval
• In general, an n qubit register can represent the numbers 0 through
2n-1 simultaneously.
• If we attempt to retrieve the values represented within a
superposition, it randomly collapses to represent just one of the
original values.
![Page 15: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Quantum Entanglement
• It is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations between
states within a superposition.
• We can entangle the two qubits such that the measurement of one
qubit is always correlated to the measurement of the other qubit.
![Page 16: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Basic Architectural Designs
• There are three chief components –
• Quantum ALU,
• Quantum memory, and a
• Dynamic scheduler.
• This architecture also uses teleportation by the way the
components are wired together.
![Page 17: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Basic Architectural Designs contd..
• Generally, the architectures developed are built using solid-state
technology such as quantum dots or other molecules.
• For a universal architecture, general-purpose hardware is
considered.
• It is noticed that when the qubits that interact are near to each
other, it is the least error-prone.
![Page 18: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Layered Architecture
• Layered architecture supports the development of a
framework in a systematic and a hierarchical manner
• Every layer has a set of related responsibilities assigned. Each
lower layer provides services to the layer above it.
• Interfaces are defined between two interacting layers. A complex
system is divided into small and controllable sets of procedures.
![Page 19: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Layered Architecture contd..
Fig. 7 Layered Architecture of Quantum Computing
![Page 20: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Application : RSA Algorithm Cracking
20
165181 417953 69037894493
Easy
Hard
Fig. 8. RSA Algorithm Implementation
![Page 21: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Conclusion
• Advantages over classical computing due to entanglement and
superposition.
• Quantum computers are not a replacement for classical computers.
• The algorithms don’t prove to be that effective when they are run
on classical processors
![Page 22: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
References
1. Jain, S. ; Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA, USA Quantum computer architectures:
A survey, Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2015
2nd International Conference.
2. Vasil S. Denchev and Gopal Pandurangan. 2008. Distributed Quantum
Computing: A New Frontier in Distributed Systems or Science Fiction? Purdue
University 5 June 2009
3. A Layered Architecture for Quantum Computing N. Cody Jones Edward L.
Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4088, USA
![Page 23: Introduction Quantum Computers and their Basic Architecture](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102811/588737801a28abc0748b6175/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Thank You…