Introduction toIntroduction toAnatomy & Physiology:Anatomy & Physiology:

Body Body OrganizationOrganization

C. MillerC. MillerJohn Milledge AcademyJohn Milledge Academy

Human A & PHuman A & P

I. IntroductionI. Introduction

A.Anatomy: the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other…”WHAT is it?”

B.Physiology: the study of the function of body parts (often focuses on cellular and molecular events)…”HOW does it work?”

C.The Principle of Complementarity states:

1. Function is dependent on structure

2. Form is related to function

II. Structural OrganizationII. Structural Organizationhttp://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/chapte1.jpg

Ii. structural OrganizationIi. structural Organization

A.A. CellsCells

1.1. Basic unit of Basic unit of lifelife

2.2. Perform Perform vitalvital body functions body functions through: reproduction, through: reproduction, respiration, metabolism, and respiration, metabolism, and excretionexcretion

3.3. May be May be specializedspecialized (i.e. (i.e. muscle cells for contraction; muscle cells for contraction; nerve cells conduct nerve cells conduct electrical impulses)electrical impulses)

Ii. structural OrganizationIi. structural Organization

B.B. TissuesTissues: groups of cells working : groups of cells working together for one purpose together for one purpose (Ex: (Ex: neuronsneurons form nerve fibers) form nerve fibers)1.1. HistologyHistology: study of tissues: study of tissues2.2. Types:Types:

a.a. MuscularMuscular: produces movement: produces movement(1) (1) VoluntaryVoluntary: skeletal muscle: skeletal muscle(2) (2) InvoluntaryInvoluntary: cardiac and : cardiac and smooth (digestive organs)smooth (digestive organs)

http://mmm.moody.edu/genmoody/Media/MediaStore/Muscular%20System.gif

II. Structural OrganizationII. Structural Organization

B.B. TissuesTissues

1.1. Types:Types:

b.b. EpithelialEpithelial: lines organs: lines organs

(1) Includes (1) Includes skinskin and mucous and mucous membranesmembranes

c.c. ConnectiveConnective: supports and : supports and protects body structuresprotects body structures

(1) Includes (1) Includes adiposeadipose (fat) (fat) tissue, bone, tissue, bone, bloodblood, and , and cartilagecartilage http://asweknowit.net/

images_edu/dwa%205%20connective%20tissue.gif

II. structural OrganizationII. structural Organization

B.B. TissuesTissues

1.1. Types:Types:

d.d. NervousNervous: conducts : conducts electrical impulses to electrical impulses to and from the brain and and from the brain and bodybody

http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/images/neuron_parts.gif

II. structural OrganizationII. structural Organization

C.C. OrgansOrgans: groups of tissues working : groups of tissues working together for a common function (Ex: together for a common function (Ex: cardiac muscle tissue forms the cardiac muscle tissue forms the heartheart))

D.D. Organ SystemsOrgan Systems: groups of organs working : groups of organs working together for a common function (Ex: together for a common function (Ex: heart and blood vessels work together to heart and blood vessels work together to form the form the cardiovascularcardiovascular system) system)

E.E. OrganismsOrganisms

III. Body Systems: III. Body Systems: IntegumentaryIntegumentary

– Function: Function: Protection; Body Protection; Body temperature temperature regulationregulation

– Primary organs: Primary organs: skin, hair, nailsskin, hair, nails

– Specialty: Specialty: dermatologydermatology

http://www.liposuction4you.com/images/anatomy-of-the-skin.jpg

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:SkeletalSkeletal

- Function: Function: Framework for Framework for supportsupport

- Primary organs: Primary organs: bones, bones, connective connective tissues that make tissues that make up jointsup joints

- Specialty: Specialty: OrthopedicsOrthopedics

http://www.merriam-webster.com/art/med/skeleton.gif

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:MuscularMuscular

– Function: Function: movementmovement

– Primary organs: Primary organs: musclesmuscles

– Specialty: Specialty: orthopedicsorthopedics

http://www.medical-look.com/systems_images/Muscular_System.jpg

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:CardiovascularCardiovascular

– Function: transport Function: transport of oxygen and of oxygen and nutrients to body nutrients to body cells via bloodcells via blood

– Primary organs: Primary organs: heart and blood heart and blood vesselsvessels

– Specialty: cardiology, Specialty: cardiology, hematology, internal hematology, internal medicinemedicine

http://www.thewellingtoncardiacservices.com/images/TheHeart/200177291-001_4.jpg

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:RespiratoryRespiratory

– Function: exchange Function: exchange of oxygen and of oxygen and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

– Primary organs: Primary organs: lungs, bronchi, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nosepharynx, nose

– Specialty: Specialty: pulmonology, pulmonology, otorhinolaryngology, otorhinolaryngology, internal medicineinternal medicine

http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/human-being/anatomy/respiratory-system/respiratory-system.jpg

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:Nervous/sensesNervous/senses

– Function: transmit Function: transmit electrical impulses to electrical impulses to and from the brain and from the brain and bodyand body

– Primary organs: Brain, Primary organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves spinal cord, nerves (sensory: eyes, ears)(sensory: eyes, ears)

– Specialty: Neurologist, Specialty: Neurologist, Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, OphthalmologyOphthalmology

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:digestivedigestive

– Function: converts food Function: converts food into nutrients for into nutrients for energyenergy

– Primary organs: mouth, Primary organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI stomach, SI, LI (Accessory: liver, (Accessory: liver, pancreas, gall bladder)pancreas, gall bladder)

– Specialty: Specialty: Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, ProctologyProctology

http://www.pediatricfeeding.org/images/gi_anatomy/A_digestive_system.png

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:urinaryurinary

– Function: filters Function: filters and excretes and excretes wastes from the wastes from the bloodblood

– Primary organs: Primary organs: kidneys, ureters, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urinary bladder, urethraurethra

– Specialty: Specialty: Nephrology, Nephrology, UrologyUrology

http://www.comprehensive-kidney-facts.com/images/UrinarySystem.jpg

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:endocrineendocrine

– Function: glands Function: glands secrete enzymes that secrete enzymes that help regulate help regulate metabolic processesmetabolic processes

– Primary organs: Primary organs: pancreas, thyroid, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid, thymus, parathyroid, thymus, pinealpineal

– Specialty: Specialty: EndocrinologyEndocrinology

http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Endocrine/endocrine_system.jpg

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:reproductivereproductive

– Function: ReproductionFunction: Reproduction– Specialty: Gynecology/ Specialty: Gynecology/

Obstetrics; UrologyObstetrics; Urology– Primary organs:Primary organs:

Female: vagina, Female: vagina, ovaries, uterus, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, fallopian tubes, mammary glandsmammary glands

Male: testes, Male: testes, prostate, urethra vas prostate, urethra vas deferensdeferens

III. BODY SYSTEMS:III. BODY SYSTEMS:lymphaticlymphatic

– Function: Function: ImmunityImmunity

– Primary organs: Primary organs: spleen, lymph, spleen, lymph, thymus glandthymus gland

– Specialty: Specialty: ImmunologyImmunology

http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/img/immune.gif

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFE

A. Necessary Life functionsA. Necessary Life functions

1.1. BoundariesBoundaries allow organisms to allow organisms to maintain distinct internal and maintain distinct internal and external environments or external environments or separate internal environments.separate internal environments.

a.a. Cellular membraneCellular membraneb.b. SkinSkin

2.2. MovementMovement allows the organism allows the organism to travel through an to travel through an environment and allows environment and allows transport of molecules within the transport of molecules within the organism.organism.

a.a. Musculoskeletal movementMusculoskeletal movementb.b. Peristalsis Peristalsis

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/pastrans.gif

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFE

A. Necessary Life functionsA. Necessary Life functions

3.3. ResponsivenessResponsiveness (irritability): ability to detect (irritability): ability to detect changes in the environment and respondchanges in the environment and respond

a.a. ReflexesReflexes4.4. DigestionDigestion: process of breaking down food : process of breaking down food

into usable nutrientsinto usable nutrients5.5. MetabolismMetabolism: all chemical reactions occurring : all chemical reactions occurring

in the bodyin the body6.6. ExcretionExcretion: process of removing wastes: process of removing wastes7.7. ReproductionReproduction: process of producing more : process of producing more

cells or organismscells or organisms8.8. GrowthGrowth: increase in size in body parts or : increase in size in body parts or

organismorganism

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFE

b. Survival needsb. Survival needs

1.1. NutrientsNutrients: consumed chemical : consumed chemical substances used for energy and cell substances used for energy and cell buildingbuilding

EX: Carbs, EX: Carbs, ProteinsProteins, Fats, Vitamins, , Fats, Vitamins, & Minerals& Minerals

2.2. OxygenOxygen: required by chemical : required by chemical reactions that release energy from reactions that release energy from foodfood

~~20%20% of air is O2 of air is O23.3. WaterWater: provides an environment for : provides an environment for

chemical reactions and a fluid chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions/excretionsmedium for secretions/excretions

Most abundant chemical substance Most abundant chemical substance in the body at in the body at 60-80%60-80%

http://www.the-perfectshape.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/Nutrients-table.jpg

http://faithsforsafewater.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/water_drop.65140537_std.jpg

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFE

B. Survival NeedsB. Survival Needs

4.4. Normal Body Normal Body TemperatureTemperature: required for : required for chemical reactions in the chemical reactions in the body to occur at the body to occur at the appropriate rateappropriate rate

– 98.6°F/37° C98.6°F/37° C

5.5. Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure: : must be within must be within appropriate range for appropriate range for proper gas exchange in proper gas exchange in the lungsthe lungs

http://altered-states.net/barry/update274/temp.png

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFE

C. C. HomeostasisHomeostasis: : the ability of the body to maintain a relatively the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constantconstant

internal environment, regardless of environmental internal environment, regardless of environmental changeschanges

1.1. NervousNervous and Endocrine systems play a large role. and Endocrine systems play a large role.2.2. Homeostatic Control MechanismsHomeostatic Control Mechanisms

a.a. ComponentsComponents1)1) VariableVariable: the regulated factor or event: the regulated factor or event2)2) ReceptorReceptor: structure monitoring changes : structure monitoring changes

((stimulistimuli) in the environment and sends info to ) in the environment and sends info to the control center.the control center.

3)3) Control CenterControl Center: structure determining the : structure determining the set set pointpoint for a variable, analyzes, input, and for a variable, analyzes, input, and coordinates an appropriate responsecoordinates an appropriate response

4)4) EffectorEffector: structure carrying out the : structure carrying out the responseresponse directed by the control centerdirected by the control center

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFEC. Homeostasis:C. Homeostasis:

2. 2. Homeostatic ControlsHomeostatic ControlsB. TYPESB. TYPES

1)1) Negative Feedback Negative Feedback MechanismMechanism (most common)(most common)

a)a) Goal: prevent sudden, Goal: prevent sudden, severe severe changeschanges in a in a systemsystem

b)b) Causes the variable to Causes the variable to change in a way that is change in a way that is oppositeopposite the initial change the initial change

c)c) EX: body temperature, EX: body temperature, blood pressure, respiratory blood pressure, respiratory raterate

http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Documents/Homeostasis/Feedback_Loop.htm

IV. Maintaining LIFEIV. Maintaining LIFEC. Homeostasis:C. Homeostasis:

2. 2. Homeostatic ControlsHomeostatic ControlsB. TYPESB. TYPES

2)2) Positive Feedback MechanismPositive Feedback Mechanisma)a) Causes the variable to change Causes the variable to change

in the in the samesame way as the original way as the original changechange

b)b) Results in a greater deviation Results in a greater deviation from the set point…from the set point…cascadecascade event is self-perpetuatingevent is self-perpetuating

c)c) Typically are Typically are NOTNOT related to related to homeostatic maintenancehomeostatic maintenance

d)d) EX: labor “pains” (oxytocin) and EX: labor “pains” (oxytocin) and blood clotting (clotting factors)blood clotting (clotting factors)

3)3) Homeostatic Homeostatic imbalanceimbalance often results often results in disease and becomes more in disease and becomes more common with aging due to common with aging due to decreasedecrease in efficiency and stability.in efficiency and stability. http://renz.fosterscience.com/a&p/

Chapt1/Chapter1TheHumanBodyAnOrientation_files/slide0050_image017.jpg

V. Anatomical TerminologyV. Anatomical Terminology

A.A. Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position::

Standing erect, Standing erect, facing forward, arms facing forward, arms at sides, palms at sides, palms forwardforward

http://www.emergencymedicaled.com/images/Anatomical%20Position.gif

B. Body regions - AnteriorB. Body regions - Anterior

Acromial

Pollex

Hallux

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/chapter1.htm

B. Body regions - PosteriorB. Body regions - Posterior

Cubital

Manual

Plantar

DORSAL

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/chapter1.htm

C. Body PlanesC. Body Planes

1.1. SagittalSagittal: divides body into : divides body into R and LR and L– midsagittalmidsagittal divides into divides into

equal R and Lequal R and L

2.2. FrontalFrontal (coronal): divides (coronal): divides into front and back into front and back ((anterior and posterioranterior and posterior))

3.3. TransverseTransverse (horizontal): (horizontal): divides into top and bottom divides into top and bottom ((superior and inferiorsuperior and inferior); cuts ); cuts parallel to groundparallel to ground

4.4. Always referred to using Always referred to using anatomicalanatomical position. position.

http://www.yachigusaryu.com/blog/pics/top_ten_principles/10/image003.jpg

D. Directional/ positional D. Directional/ positional termsterms

LocationLocation– Toward the head; Toward the head;

aboveabove

– Toward the feet or Toward the feet or tail; belowtail; below

– Near or on the front Near or on the front side of the bodyside of the body

– Near or on the back Near or on the back or spinal cord side or spinal cord side of the bodyof the body

PositionPosition

Superior/ Superior/ CephalicCephalic

Inferior/ Inferior/ CaudalCaudal

Anterior/ Anterior/ VentralVentral

Posterior/ Posterior/ DorsalDorsal

http://media.photobucket.com/image/anatomical%20position/nursingassistant/anatom1.jpg

D. Directional/ positional D. Directional/ positional termsterms

LocationLocation– Middle or near the Middle or near the

midlinemidline

– To the sideTo the side

– Closer to the point Closer to the point of attachment on of attachment on the bodythe body

– Farthest from the Farthest from the point of attachment point of attachment to the bodyto the body

PositionPosition

MedialMedial

LateralLateral

ProximalProximal

DistalDistal

http://media.photobucket.com/image/anatomical%20position/nursingassistant/anatom1.jpg

D. Directional/ positional D. Directional/ positional termsterms

LocationLocation– Toward the Toward the

surface of the surface of the bodybody

– Away from the Away from the surface of the surface of the bodybody

– Body position Body position lying horizontally lying horizontally and face downand face down

– Body position Body position lying horizontally lying horizontally and face upand face up

PositionPositionSuperficialSuperficial

DeepDeep

ProneProne

SupineSupine

http://www.medtrng.com/supineprone.gif

E. Body CavitiesE. Body Cavities

1.1. The The diaphragm,diaphragm, a muscle used during a muscle used during respiration, separates the thoracic and respiration, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavitiesabdominopelvic cavities

2.2. Internal organs are referred to as Internal organs are referred to as visceraviscera, and are lined with a visceral , and are lined with a visceral membrane.membrane.

3.3. Cavities are lined with an outer Cavities are lined with an outer parietalparietal membrane. membrane.

4.4. Membranes in the thoracic cavity are Membranes in the thoracic cavity are called called pleuralpleural membranes; membranes; membranes in the abdominopelvic membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called cavity are called peritonealperitoneal membranes.membranes.

http://www.themesotheliomalibrary.com/visceral-pleura.jpg

E. Body CavitiesE. Body Cavities

Cavity Major Organs

Dorsal

• Cranial Brain, pituitary gland

• Spinal Spinal cord

Ventral

• Thoracic LungsMediastinum: heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, aorta

• Pericardial Heart ONLY

• Pleural Lungs ONLY

Abdominopelvic

• Abdominal Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, some SI and colon

• Pelvic Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, some SI and colon; Reproductive organs

E. Body CavitiesE. Body Cavities

E. Body Cavities:E. Body Cavities:

Anatomical DivisionsAnatomical Divisions

e. Body

Cavities:

Clinical

Divisions

Liver*R KidneyColonPancreasGallbladder

ColonSIFemoral Art/VeinUreterAppendix*

LiverSpleenL KidneyStomach*ColonPancreas

ColonSIFemoral Art/VeinUreter

F. The F. The SpineSpine

Superior and InferiorSuperior and Inferior

Superior: toward Superior: toward the headthe head– The head (cephalic) The head (cephalic)

is superior to the is superior to the neck (cervical).neck (cervical).

Inferior: toward the Inferior: toward the feetfeet– The mouth (oral) is The mouth (oral) is

inferior to the nose inferior to the nose (nasal).(nasal).

SUPERIOR

INFERIOR