introduction to bioinformatics

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Bioinformatics

Suhad Jihad Al-DulaimyComputer engineering

Bioinformatics

WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS?

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary research area at the interface between computer science and biological science.

WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS?

bioinformatics is a union of biology and informatics it is involves the technology that uses computers for storage, retrieval, manipulation, and distribution of information related to biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Why Computer in Biology?

The emphasis here is on the use of computers because most of the tasks in genomic data analysis are highly repetitive or mathematically complex.The use of computers is absolutely indispensable in mining genomes for information gathering and knowledge building.

Why Computer in Biology

To know why computer is essential in biology we must know many things like genomics, sequencing, and genetics and before that we must make a biology review.

Let us start with the Central Dogma.

But What is the Central Dogma?

What is the 'Central Dogma'?

The Central Dogma is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.

The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA ??to RNA??, to make a functional product, a protein??.

what is the difference between a chromosome, a gene, a protein and DNA? I mean where do they all fit in?

DNA is the chemical that chromosomes and genes are made of.DNA itself is made up of four simple chemical units that are abbreviated as A, G, C, and T. These letters are used to form three letter words that cells can read.



A chromosome is simply a very long piece of DNA that cells can easily copy. Humans usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes. They are numbered 1-22 with the 23rd pair being either XX in girls or XY in boys.

what is the difference between a chromosome, a gene, a protein and DNA? where do they all fit in?

A gene is a stretch of DNA on a chromosome that has the instructions for making a protein. Each chromosome has many genes with humans having over 22,000 genes in all. A gene's instructions for a protein are written in the three letter code .

what is the difference between a chromosome, a gene, a protein and DNA?where do they all fit in?

A protein is a molecular machine that does a specific job. Some proteins like amylase help us digest food. Others like opsins help us see colors. And still others like the globins help our blood take oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from our cells.

what is the difference between a chromosome, a gene, a protein and DNA? where do they all fit in?

Let's look at the HBB gene and the beta globin protein as an example to make this all more concrete.

The hemoglobin gene, HBB, is found on chromosome 11. This chromosome is a little less than 135 million DNA letters long and HBB is just one of its over 1500 different genes.

Example :Beta Globin (Hemoglobin)

Near the middle of this chromosome is 1600 or so DNA letters that together make up the HBB gene. The actual instructions for making hemoglobin are found in 444 letters within this 1600 letter stretch. (The other letters are used to figure out when, where, and how much of the protein to make.)


The instructions for hemoglobin are written in the three letter words (or codons).Because of hemoglobin is a protein and a protein is string of amino acids stuck together. The number and particular order of the 20 different amino acids determines what a protein can do.


the instructions for putting a protein together are found in the codons of a gene. Each codon tells the cell which amino acid to add to the protein.

For example, the 444 DNA letters of the HBB gene that tells the cell how to make hemoglobin starts out like this:

ATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGAGGAG...


To make things easier, we'll split this up into three letter words:

ATG GTG CAT CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG...

Each of these codons tells a cell which amino acid to add. For example, an ATG tells the cell to add a methionine (or Met). So, like most other proteins, hemoglobin starts out with Met. Next comes a valine (Val), then a leucine (Leu), etc. When we keep adding amino acids we end up with the following:

Met-Val-Leu-Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu...


When we keep adding amino acids we end up with the following:

Met-Val-Leu-Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu...

You can see how this three letter go to a specific amino acid from the genetic code table in the following slide....


Genetic code table

This goes on for another 141 amino acids and you have hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is a critical protein in our blood. It carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from cells. We need for the amino acids to be put together just right or we can end up with a disease.


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introduction to bioinformatics

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