introduction to biological risk management
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Introduction to Biological Risk Management. For Beef and Dairy Producers. Biological Risk Management (BRM). Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management Designed to improve disease control Foreign and domestic diseases Provide tools to minimize risk. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Biological Risk Management
For Beef and Dairy Producers
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management
• Designed to improve disease control – Foreign and domestic diseases
• Provide tools to minimize risk
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Disease risk cannot be totally eliminated– Animal, its environment– Decrease exposure to
disease agents
• Minimize threat to animals and humans
• No one-size-fits-all answer
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Overview
• Importance of BRM• Risk perception and assessment
– Routes of transmission
• Practical management plans– General prevention practices
• Increased awareness through communication
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Importance of BRM
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Importance of BRM
• Importance of agriculture• Changing food production practices • Rise in emerging and re-emerging
infectious disease• Increasing globalization• Increased interaction with animals
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Agriculture and Economics
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Agriculture and Economics
• 1 in 6 U.S. jobs are ag-related
• Our economy dependent upon agriculture– Animal production
industry– Affects everyone in
U.S. in some way
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Agriculture and Economics
• Beef production single largest segment– 1.4 million jobs– $188.4 billion– All 50 states
• Dairy industry– 900,000+ jobs– $29 billion household– $140 billion overall
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Agriculture and BRM
• Provide a safe food source– Healthy animals
• Milk supplies 73% of calcium in U.S. food supply
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Agriculture and BRM
• Realize the impact on the industry
• Provide– Income – Lifestyle
• Mitigate economic consequences of a disease outbreak
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Food Production Changes
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Food Production Changes
• Number of farms decreasing• Animal numbers rising on some farms• Opportunities
– Increasing intensity/specialization – Efficient food source: U.S. and world
• Challenges– Disease control and eradication– Devastating economic effects
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Beef Production
• Segmented industry– Cow-calf numbers
steady to increasing • Number of farms stable• Mostly small operations
(<50 head)
– Increasing intensityin feedlots
• Fewer feedlots withmore animals
• Opportunities and challenges
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Dairy Production• Lactating cow and
farm numbers decreasing– 2001: 9.16 mil cows– 97,560 operations
• Increased production– Cows and U.S.– Increased intensity
• Opportunities and challenges
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The Rise in Emergingand Re-Emerging
Infectious Diseases
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Global Travel and Commerce
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Global Travel and Commerce
• Increase in personal travel– Spread of foreign
animal disease• Within a food product• On the traveler’s person
• Importation of cattle and animal products– Animals may not show signs
of disease
• International travel waste
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Global Travel and Commerce
References: CDC and APHIS
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Global Travel and Commerce
Reference: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
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Human-Animal Interaction
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Human-Animal Interaction• Livestock producers work
with animals daily– Most have immunity
to various diseases
• Immunocompromised population more vulnerable to zoonoses– Young and old– Chemotherapy– Diabetes
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Conducting a BRM Livestock Facility
Assessment
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Components of BRM
• Risk perception• Risk assessment
– Routes of transmission
• Risk management• Risk communication
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Risk Perception
• Different perceptions of risk– First identify what is viewed as a threat
• Factors influencing perception– Previous experience – Media– Environment
• Acceptance andtolerance varies
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Risk Perception• Common beliefs
– “We have always done it this way”– “I’ve had most everything on this farm”– “It’s too expensive”
• New beliefs– Disease outbreaks can and do happen– Prevention is less costly than treatment– Too much is financially invested to lose– Prevention through awareness
and management
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Risk Assessment• Objective evaluation• Identify strengths,
weaknesses – Change over time
• Disease prediction is complicated– Underlying disease risks are not– Cattle’s vulnerability is influenced by:
• Cleanliness, stress, nutrition• Things that can be managed
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Routes of Transmission
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Routes of Transmission
• Apply to all infectious agents• Animal must be exposed to
develop disease• Understand different routes of
transmission = Gain control• Risk areas must be identified
– Design protocols to minimize exposure
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Routes of Transmission• Spread of disease agents
– Animal animal– Animal human
• Different routes of transmission– Aerosol– Direct contact – Fomite
– Oral– Vector-borne– Zoonotic
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Aerosol Transmission
• Disease agents contained in droplets– Pass through air
• Most agents not stable in droplets– Close proximity required– Infected and
susceptible animals
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Direct Contact Transmission
• Disease agent in animal or environment– Open wounds, mucous
membranes, skin– Blood, saliva, nose to nose,
rubbing, biting
• Reproductive transmission– Breeding– Dam to offspring
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Fomite Transmission
• Contaminated inanimate object
• Carries agents to other animals– Brushes,
needles
• Traffic– Vehicle, trailer,
humans
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Oral Transmission
• Consumption of contaminated feed, water– Feces, urine, saliva – Other contaminants
(ruminant protein)• Licking/chewing
contaminated environment
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Vector-borne Transmission
• Insect • Acquires pathogen
from one animal• Transmits to
another animal– Biological vectors
• Fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
– Mechanical vectors• Flies, cockroaches
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Environmental Contamination
• Disease organism in environment– Survive in soil, organic material
• Animals and humans can acquire agent(s) through:– Inhalation– Direct contact– Fomites– Oral consumption – Vectors
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Disease Transmission
• Animals may not exhibit obvious signs of disease
• Awareness of all routes of transmission is essential– Develop strategy to
minimize disease risk for livestock operation
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The Risk Management Plan
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Risk Management
• Facility/operation evaluated– Challenges identified
• Tailored management plan • Prioritize
– Easy to implement– Inexpensive yet
yield rewards
• No common formula
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Risk Management
• Management plan reflects– Immediate challenges– Short-term goals– Long-term goals
• Many possible solutions exist• Remain open to suggestions
– Recommendations vary based on individual’s experience, knowledge
Set
Goals
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General Prevention Steps
Overview• Farm perimeter• Animal identification• Animal health• Sick/dead animals• Isolation/quarantine• Supply handling• Neonatal management
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention Steps
• Limit contact with animals– Neighbor’s livestock– Wildlife, birds– Roaming cats, dogs
• Maintain fences• Establish biosecurity protocols for
delivery vehicles, personnel• Lock gates
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention
• Identify individual animals • Important for:
– Communicating health status
– Treatment needs– Location on farm– Record keeping
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention Steps
• Keep health records on every animal• Review vaccination and
treatment programs– Annually, bi-annually– Protocol versus actual
• Investigate unusual signs, unresponsive cases– Neurologic, downers, sudden death
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention Steps
• Train farm personnel to report sick animals– Inspect animals daily – Clean equipment,
boots, clothing
• Euthanize terminally ill animals promptly and appropriately – Removed or rendered
• Necropsy animals that died from unknown causes
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention Steps
• Isolate ill animals immediately – No shared ventilation, direct contact
with other animals
• Quarantine newly introduced animals– New purchases, returning animals
• Time determined with veterinarian• Test for key diseases before placing
with rest of herd
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention Steps
• Store non-refrigeratedvaccines and antibiotics out of sunlight as it can deactivate them
• Monitor refrigeration temperature monthly – Ideal temp 36-46oF
• Restrict access to medication to only properly trained personnel
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
General Prevention Steps
• Ensure adequate ingestion of disease-free colostrum in first 6 hours of life
• Prevent contact with older animals, contaminated environments
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Risk Communication
• Communication is key!• Plan must be understood and
supported to be effective• Success of BRM plan
depends on:– How plan is carried out– Who is responsible
for changes– Incorporation into daily activities
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Conclusion
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Key Learning Objectives
• Biological risk management is important
• All diseases are transmitted by a few common routes
• Disease risk can be managed• Awareness education is essential• You play a critical role!
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentationwas funded by a grant from the USDA Risk Management Agencyto the Center for Food Security
and Public Healthat Iowa State University.
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Author: Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH
Reviewers: James Roth, DVM, PhD
Bryan Buss, DVM, MPH
Acknowledgments