Introduction to Introduction to BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Ms. MartinezMs. Martinez

LSHSLSHS

20142014

DIRECTIONS: COPY the Notes in yellow.

What is DNA and Why is it Important? Your body contains about

40,000 genes. The DNA in your genes gives

instructions that makes you who you are.

For example, different genes in your body determine your eye color and your height.

CellsCells Every living thing is made up of cells. There are differences between different

types of cells

The Cell Nucleus and The Cell Nucleus and ChromosomesChromosomes

Inside the cell Inside the cell nucleus, 6 feet of nucleus, 6 feet of DNA, are packaged DNA, are packaged in the 46 in the 46 chromosomes.chromosomes.

What is a Gene?

Genes cluster together to form a chromosome.

Chromosomes are made up of thousands of genes, which in turn are made up of DNA.

Organism Cell Chromosome Genes DNACOPY

GenesGenes Each of the 46 Each of the 46

chromosomes contains chromosomes contains the DNA for thousands the DNA for thousands of individual genes. of individual genes.

Genes are the units of Genes are the units of heredity.heredity.

Each gene is a segment Each gene is a segment of double-stranded DNA of double-stranded DNA that holds the recipe for that holds the recipe for making a specific making a specific molecule, usually a molecule, usually a protein.protein.

Review: ProteinsReview: Proteins

ProteinsProteins, which , which are made up of are made up of amino acidsamino acids, are , are the body’s the body’s workhorses.workhorses.

Proteins are Proteins are essential essential components of all components of all organs and organs and cellular activities.cellular activities.

The 40,000 genes in The 40,000 genes in the nucleus the nucleus determines shape and determines shape and shape determines shape determines function.function.

How Similar are our Genes?

Human beings are 99.9% genetically identical to each other.

Identical twins share the same DNA.

We share 98% of our genes with chimpanzees.

Also, 50% of our genes are the same as cabbages.

Human GenomeHuman Genome

Humans have about 100 Humans have about 100 trillion cells.trillion cells.

Each of the 100 trillion cells Each of the 100 trillion cells in the human body (except in the human body (except Red blood corpuscles) Red blood corpuscles) contains the entire human contains the entire human genome.genome.

The The Human Genome Human Genome is all is all the genetic information the genetic information necessary to build a human necessary to build a human beingbeing..

This information is encoded in 6 billion This information is encoded in 6 billion base pairs of DNA.base pairs of DNA.

Where did this information come from?Where did this information come from? Half of the DNA came from your mother Half of the DNA came from your mother

and the half came from your father. How?and the half came from your father. How?

Sperm

Egg

Each sperm cell has 23 chromosomes.Each sperm cell has 23 chromosomes. Each egg cell has 23 chromosomes.Each egg cell has 23 chromosomes. When fertilization occurs, there are now 46 When fertilization occurs, there are now 46

chromosomes.chromosomes.

Sperm

Egg

What is Biotechnology?What is Biotechnology?

BiotechnologyBiotechnology applies the knowledge of applies the knowledge of biology to enhance and improve the biology to enhance and improve the environment, health, and food supply.environment, health, and food supply.

Using biotechnology, scientists work to develop:Using biotechnology, scientists work to develop: environment-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels and environment-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels and

plastics; plastics; new medicines, vaccines and disease diagnostic new medicines, vaccines and disease diagnostic

tools;tools; and higher yielding and more nutrient-rich crop plants.and higher yielding and more nutrient-rich crop plants.

Biotechnology: MedicineBiotechnology: Medicine

Biotechnology can be used in medicine.

Insulin is important for blood sugar metabolism and levels – diabetics do not have enough and therefore need an external supply.

Insulin used to be harvested from pigs, from their pancreases, but now all human insulin is produced from bacteria with an insulin gene added to them

The DNA of plants and animalsThe DNA of plants and animals can also be altered. can also be altered.

PLANTSPLANTS

1.1. disease-resistant and disease-resistant and insect-resistant cropsinsect-resistant crops

2. Hardier fruit 2. Hardier fruit

3. 70-75% of food in 3. 70-75% of food in supermarket is supermarket is genetically modified.genetically modified.

Genetically modified organisms are Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organismscalled transgenic organisms..

TRANSGENIC ANIMALSTRANSGENIC ANIMALS

1.1. MiceMice – used to study human – used to study human immune systemimmune system

2.2. ChickenChickens – more resistant to s – more resistant to infectionsinfections

3.3. CowsCows – increase milk supply – increase milk supply and leaner meatand leaner meat

4. 4. Goats, sheep and pigs Goats, sheep and pigs – –

produce human proteins in produce human proteins in their milktheir milk

Human DNA in a Goat Cell

This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk.

.

Transgenic Goat

The desired DNA is

added to an egg cell.

How is aHow is aTransgenic Animal created?Transgenic Animal created?