Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Introduction to Botany. Lecture 35

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

December 1st, 2010

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Outline

1 Phylogeny of angiosperms so far

2 Liliidae, or monocotsOrchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Outline

1 Phylogeny of angiosperms so far

2 Liliidae, or monocotsOrchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Phylogeny of basal angiosperms

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Overview of liliids

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Main features of monocots

One cotyledonLinear leaves with acrodromous venationRoot system without main rootNo cambiumTrimerous flower with non-differentiated perianth

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

General features of orchids

≈ 30,000 speciesMostly tropical groups with amazingly complex flowers andpollination systemsDepend on mycorrhizal fungi

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Morphology of orchids

Epiphytes or vines, with aerial roots; roots with velamen.Terrestrial forms also have thick roots.Often have bulbs originated from stems or even leavesThick leaves, usually with no visible veinsFlowers in pending racemesFlowers bilaterally symmetric, with big lip which goesdownwards in epiphytic speciesOne stamen fuses with pistilPollen in polliniaSeeds are dust-like, millions per flower

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Dactylorhiza flower

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Diagram of Orchidaceae flower

↑P3+2,1[A1G(3)]

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Representatives of orchids

One economically important, Vanilla produces famousspicesLots of very popular ornamentalsIn temperate regions of America, Habenaria is the mostspecies-rich group; in Eurasia—Dactylorhiza

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Vanilla sp. (Mexico)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Dactylorhiza sp. (Eurasia)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Epipogium aphyllum (Eurasia)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Habenaria dilatata, North American temperate orchid

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Main features of Cyperaceae

4,000 species, ≈ 1,000 belongs to sedges, CarexGrasslike plants, distributed mostly in temperate and ArcticregionsPrefer wet places

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Morphology of Cyperaceae

Accumilate silicaLeaves often in 3 ranks, stem is also a triangle on thecross-sectionFlowers small, wind-pollinated, unattractive, oftenunisexual, form spikes or spikelets and more complicatedinflorescencesPollen grains in monads (from four microspores, only onesurvives)Perianth often reduced, stamens three, one pistil with oneovule but three carpelsCarex flowers have specific bag-like periginiumFruit is an achene

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Cyperaceae flower diagram

BP3+3 or 0A3G(2−3)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Diagram of Carex flower

BP0A3 or ↑P0G(2−3)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Representatives of Cyperaceae

Carex cover almost half of wet places in Arctic andnorthern temperate regionEriophorum, cottongrass was used as fiber sourceCyperus papyrus was used for famous Egyptian papyrus

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Carex sp.

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Carex sp.

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Eriophorum sp.

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Cyperus papyrus

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Main features of grasses

≈ 8,000 species distributed thorough all the world, butmost genera concentrate in tropicsPrefer dry, sunny placesOfren form tussocks—compact structures where old grassstems, rhizomes and roots are intermixedGrasses form grasslands—specific ecological communitieswidely represented on Earth. North Dakota prairies aregrasslands.

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Morphology of grasses

Stems usually hollow and roundLeaves flat, in two ranksFlowers reduced, wind-pollinates, usually bisexual, formcomplicated spikelets*Each spikelet bear two glumes; each flower has lemmaand palea scalesPerianth is reduced to lodiculesStamens from 6 to 1 (most often 3), with large anthersFruit is a caryopsis, it includes flower scalesSeed has a specific structure—embryo with coleoptile,coleorhiza and scutellum

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Scheme of grass spikelet

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Grasses: Oryza and Anthoxanthum diagrams

↑P0−3A0−3+2−3G(2)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Representatives of grass family

Most primitive grasses are bamboos (Bambusoideaesubfamily)Pooid grasses usually are C3 plants, wheat (Triticum), rice(Oryza), barley (Hordeum) and rye (Secale) belong to thisgroupPanicoid grasses are mostly C4 plants, corn (Zea) andsugarcane (Saccharum) belong here

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Rare event: bamboo (Schizostachyum sp.) isflowering!

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Festuca sp.

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Rice (Oryza sativa), the most important world crop

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Corn (Zea mays), the most productive world crop (upto 10 MT/ha)

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Phylogeny of angiosperms so farLiliidae, or monocots

Orchidaceae— orchid familyCyperaceae—sedge familyGramineae, or Poaceae—grass family

Summary

Three monocot families, Orchidaceae (Liliales) andCyperaceae plus Gramineae (Poales) have generalmonocot characters but their flower structure deviated from“typical” structure due to pollination adaptations: insects infirst case, and wind in two last cases.

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Appendix For Further Reading

For Further Reading

Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapter 25.

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