introduction to c. c was developed by dennis ritchie at bell laboratory in 1972 it is an upgrade...
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INTRODUCTION TO C
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INTRODUCTION TO C
• C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972
• It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL.
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Features of C
• It is a structured programming language.
• It is highly portable.
• It is a middle level language.
• It is a case sensitive language.
• It uses Top-Down approach.
• It is a Free form language.etc,.
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Steps in learning C
CharacterSet
ProgramsInstructionsTokens
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C Character Set
C Character Set
Execution Character Set
Source Character Set
SpecialCharacters
DigitsAlphabets EscapeSequence
WhiteSpaces
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C Character Set (Cont)
• Source Character Set– It is used to construct the statements in the
program.
• Executable Character Set– These characters are employed at the time of
execution i.e. they have effects only when the program is being executed.
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Source Character Set
Letters a to z ,A to Z
Digits 0 to 9
Special Characters ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = \ | { } [ ] etc,.
White Spaces Blank Space ,Horizontal tab, New line, Vertical tab etc,.
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Special characters• Comma , • Period or dot .• Semicolon ;• Colon :• Apostrophe ‘• Quotation mark “• Exclamation mark !• Vertical bar | • Back Slash \• Tilde ~• Underscore -• Dollar $• Question mark ?
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• Ampersand &• Caret ^• Asterisk *• Minus -• Addition +• Lesser than <• Greater than >• Parenthesis ()• Bracket []• Braces {}• Percentage %• Hash #• Equal to =• At the rate @
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Executable Character Set
Characters Escape Sequence
Back Space \b
Horizontal Space \t
Vertical Space \v
Newline \n
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C Tokens
• The smallest element in the C language is the token.
• It may be a single character or a sequence of characters.
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C Tokens (Cont)
C Tokens
Identifiers
Eg:main,avg
Keywords
Eg: int,for
operators
Eg: + -
Strings
Eg: “ab”
spIsymbol
Eg: #$ %
Constants
Eg:17,15.5
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Executing a C Program
Creating the Program
Compilation
Linking
Execution
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Executing a C Program (Cont)
• Enter the program in a C editor.
• Save the program (File Save) or F2. Use the extension .c for saving the file.
Eg: sample.c
• Compile the program(Compile Compile) or Alt+F9.
• Run the program(Run Run) or Ctrl+F9.
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Executing C program using UNIX
• Enter the program in vi editor.
• Save the file using :wq
Use the extension .c for saving the file.
Eg: sample.c
• Compile the program.
Eg: cc sample.c (or) gcc sample.c
• Run the program using a.out.
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Structure of C programDOCUMENTATION SECTION
PREPROCESSOR SECTION
DEFINITION SECTION
GLOBAL DECLARATION SECTION
main() {
Declaration part;Executable Part;
} sub program section {
Body of the subprogram; }
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• Documentation Section– It contains the comment lines.
• Preprocessor Section– It is used to link library files.
• Global Declaration Section– The Global declaration section comes at the
beginning of the program and they are visible to all parts of the program.
• Declaration Section– It describes the data to be used within the
function.
• Executable Part– It contains the valid statements.
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C Programs C program may have many functions. One and only one of the functions MUST BE
named main. main is the starting point for the program. main and other functions in a program are
divided into two sections, declaration section and statement section.
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Preprocessor Directives
• Special instructions to the preprocessor that tells how to prepare the program for compilation
• E.g: include : tells the processor to include information from selected libraries known as header files e.g. <stdio.h>
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Comments (Program documentation)
The compiler simply ignores comments when it translates the program into executable code.
To identify a comments, C uses opening /* and closing */ comment tokens.
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Comments (Cont)
Comments can appear anywhere in a program.
Comments are also found wherever it is necessary to explain a point about a code.
Comments cannot be nested in C i.e. you cannot have comments inside comments.
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C program/* Example program in C*/ Comments
# include <stdio.h> Preprocessor Section
Global Declaration
void main ()
{ Local declaration
printf (“Hello World! \n”); Statements
}
Output :
Hello World
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C Tokens
• Identifiers
• Keywords
• Constants
• Operators
• Special symbols
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Identifiers
• Identifiers are names given to various program elements such as variables, functions and arrays etc,.
• Eg: #define N 10
#define a 15
Here N and a are user defined identifiers.
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Rules for naming identifier• First character must be alphabetic or underscore.
• Must consist only of alphabetic characters, digits, or underscores.
• Only the first 31 characters of an identifier are significant and are recognized by the compiler.
• Cannot use a keywords or reserved word (e.g. main, include, printf & scanf etc.).
• No space are allowed between the identifiers etc,.
• C is case sensitive, e.g. My_name my_name.
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Examples of Valid and Invalid Names
Valid Names Invalid Names
a a1 $sum /* $ is illegal */
student_name stdntNm 2names /* Starts with 2 */
_aSystemName _anthrSysNm stdnt Nmbr /* no spaces */
TRUE FALSE int /* reserved word */
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Variables
• Variable is an identifier that is used to represent some specified type of information.
• Eg: x=3
• Here x is variable.
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Keywords
• It is a reserved words.
• Cannot be used for anything else.
• Examples:– int– while– for etc,.
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Keywords
Auto register ContinueDouble typedef ForInt Char signedStruct extern void Break return Default Else union GotoLong Const sizeof Switch Float doCase short IfEnum unsignedStatic While
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Constants
• It is an entity whose value does not changes during the execution.
• Eg: x=3
• Here 3 is a constant.
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Types
• Numeric constants
• Character constant
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Constants
Constants
Character Constants Numeric Constants
RealConstant
IntegerConstant
String Constant
SingleCharacter Constant
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Numeric constantsInteger constants
• It is formed using a sequence of digits.Decimal - 0 to 9 .
Octal - 0 to 7.
Hexa - 0 to 9 ,A to F
Eg: 10,75 etc.
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Rules for defining Integer Constant
• It must have atleast one digit.
• Decimal point are not allowed.
• No blank space or commas are allowed.
• It can be either positive or negative. Etc,.
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Numeric constants
Real constants
• It is formed using a sequence of digits but it contain decimal point.
• length, height, price distance measured in real number
Eg: 2.5, 5.11, etc.
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Character constants
Single character constant– A character constant is a single character
they also represented with single digit or a single special symbol which is enclosed in single quotes.
– Eg: ‘a’, ‘8’,’_’etc.
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Character constants
String constants• String constant are sequence of characters
enclosed with in double quote.• Eg: “Hello” ,”444”,”a” etc,.
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Operators
• An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the operands.
• Eg: a + b
+ is an operator.
a,b are operands.
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Data Types
A Data type is the type of data that are going to access within the program.
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Standard Data Types
These Standard type can be used to build more complex data types called Derived Types (e.g. pointers, array, union etc.).
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Data types
Data type Size(bytes) Range Format string
Char 1 -128 to 127 %c
int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %d
Float 4 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 %f
Double 8 1.7 e-308 to 1.7 e+308 %lf
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integer A number without a fraction part : integral
number. C supports three different sizes of the
integer data type :short intintlong int
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Floating Point A floating-point type is a number with a
fractional part, e.g. 56.78 Floating point numbers are stored using
4 Byte. Types
Float Double long double
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character
• Character are generally stored using 8 bits(1 Byte) of the internal storage.
Character ASCII code value
a 97(decimal) or 01100001(binary)
x 120(decimal) or 01111000(binary)
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void The void type has no values and no
operations. Both the set of values and the set of
operations are empty.
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Variable’s Declaration
To create a variable, you must specify the type and then its identifier :
float price;int a,b;
char code;
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Entire Data types in c:Data type Size(bytes) Range Format string
Char 1 128 to 127 %c
Unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c
Short or int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %i or %d
Unsigned int 2 0 to 65535 %u
Long 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647 %ld
Unsigned long 4 0 to 4294967295 %lu
Float 4 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38 %f or %g
Double 8 1.7 e-308 to 1.7 e+308 %lf
Long Double 10 3.4 e-4932 to 1.1 e+4932 %lf
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Types of Operator
• Arithmetic operator
• Relational operator
• Logical operator
• Assignment operator
• Increment or decrement operator(unary)
• Bitwise operator
• Conditional operator
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Arithmetic operator
• It is used to carry out arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction etc,
Eg: + , - , * , / etc,
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Sample program
#include<stdio.h> // Header File#include <conio.h>int b=10; //Global Declarationvoid main ( ) /* main is the starting of every c program */{int a,c; //Local Declarationclrscr( );scanf(“%d”,&a);printf(“ \n The sum of the two values:”);c = a+b;printf(“%d”,c);getch( );}
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Division operator on Different Data Type
Operation Result Example
int/int int 5/2 = 2
int/real real 5/2.0 = 2.5
real/int real 5.0/2 = 2.5
real/real real 5.0/2.0 = 2.5
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Sample program
#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a=10,b=4,c;float d=3,e;clrscr( );c = a/b;printf(" \n value a/b is:%d",c);e = a/d;printf("\n value a/d is:%f",e);getch( );}
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Output
value a/b is:2
value a/d is:3.333333
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Relational operator
• It is used to compare two or more operands.
• Eg :< , > , <= , >=, != etc,.
• 5 < 9 which will return 1
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Logical operator
• It is used to combine the result of two or more condition.
• AND(&&)
• OR (||)
• NOT (!) are Logical operators.
• Eg: (i>10)&&(j>5).
(i>10)||(j>5) etc,.
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Sample program#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a=10,b=3,c=5,e;clrscr( );
if(a>b) // relational operator{
printf(" \n a is bigger than b");}if((a>b)&&(a>c)) //Logical operator{
printf(" \n a is biggest");}
getch( );}
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Output
a is bigger than b
a is biggest
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Assignment operator
• It is used to assign a value or expression etc to a variable.
• Eg: a =10.
a = b
a = b + c etc,.
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Assignment operator(Cont)
• Compound operator
It is also used to assign a value to a variable.
Eg: x + = y means x = x + y
• Nested operator
It is used for multiple assignment.
Eg: i = j = k = 0;
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Sample program#include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h>int b=10;void main ( ){int a=3,b=5;clrscr( );a+=b; // a= a+bprintf(" \n The sum of the two values:%d",a);getch( );}
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Output
The sum of the two values:8
![Page 62: INTRODUCTION TO C. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972 It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013101/5697bfd31a28abf838cac04d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Increment or decrement operator(Unary)
• It is used to Increment or decrement an operand.
• Eg: ++x (Pre Increment),
x++ (Post Increment),
--x (Pre Decrement),
x-- (Post Decrement).
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Sample Program#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a=5;
clrscr( );
printf(" \n Post increment Value:%d",a++);
printf(" \n Pre increment Value:%d",++a);
printf(" \n Pre decrement Value:%d",--a);
printf(" \n Post decrement Value:%d",a--);
getch( );
}
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Output
Post increment Value:5
Pre increment Value:7
Pre decrement Value:6
Post decrement Value:6
![Page 65: INTRODUCTION TO C. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972 It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013101/5697bfd31a28abf838cac04d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Bitwise operator
• It is used to manipulate data at bit level.
• Eg: a=5 i.e 0000 0101
b=4 i.e 0000 0100
Then a & b = 0000 0100
a | b = 0000 0101 etc,.
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Sample program
#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a=5,b=4,c;//char a=5,b=4,c;clrscr( );c = a&b;printf(" \n value a&b is:%d",c);getch( );}
![Page 67: INTRODUCTION TO C. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972 It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013101/5697bfd31a28abf838cac04d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Output
value a&b is:4
![Page 68: INTRODUCTION TO C. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972 It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013101/5697bfd31a28abf838cac04d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Conditional Operator (or) Ternary Operator
• It is used to checks the condition and execute the statement depending on the condition.
• Eg: C = a > b ? a:b
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Sample Program#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ( )
{
int a=5,b=8,c;
clrscr( );
c = a>b?a:b; //Conditional operator
printf(" \n The Larger Value is%d",c);
getch( );
}
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Output
The Larger Value is 8
![Page 71: INTRODUCTION TO C. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972 It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013101/5697bfd31a28abf838cac04d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Special Operator
• comma operator ( , )
• sizeof operator
• pointer operator (& , *) etc,.
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#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int c;clrscr( );printf(" \n size of int is:%d",sizeof c);getch( );}
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Output
size of int is: 2
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Expression
• An expression represent data item such as variable, constant are interconnected using operators.
• Eg:
Expression C Expression
a + b + c a + b + c
a2+b2 a*a + b*b
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Operator Precedence & Associativity
• The arithmetic expressions evaluation are carried out based on the precedence and associativity.
• The evaluation are carried in two phases.– First Phase: High Priority operators are
evaluated.– Second Phase: Low Priority operators are
evaluated.
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Precedence Operator
High * , / , %
Low + , -
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Example
• 5 - 20/4 + 3*3 – 1
= 5 - 5 + 9 – 1
= 0 + 9 – 1
= 9 – 1
= 8
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Example
• 5 – (20/4) + 3*(3 – 1)
= 5 - 5 + 3*2
= 5 - 5 + 6
= 6
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Type Conversion
• Converting the type of an expression from one type to another type.
Eg: x = (int)10.45
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Sample Program#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int c;clrscr( );c=(int)10.45;printf("\nOutput is:%d",c);getch( );}OUTPUTOutput is:10
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Input/Output Function
Input/Output Function
Unformatted Formatted
Output
printf()fprintf()
Input
scanf()fscanf()
Input
getc()gets()
getchar()
Output
putc()puts()
putchar()
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Formatted Input/Output C uses two functions for formatted
input and output.
Formatted input : reads formatted data from the keyboard.
Formatted output : writes formatted data to the monitor.
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Formatted Input and Output
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Standard Output
The standard output file is the monitor.
Like the keyboard, it is a text file.
When you need to display data that is
not text, it must be converted into to the
text before it is written to the screen.
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Format of printf Statement
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Formatted Input (scanf)
• The standard formatted input function in C is scanf (scan formatted).
• scanf consists of : a format string . an address list that identifies where data
are to be placed in memory.
scanf ( format string, address list );
(“%c….%d…..%f…..”, &a,….&i,…..,&x…..)
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Format of scanf Statement
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Character Test Function
• It is used to test the character taken from the input.
• isalpha(ch)• isdigit(ch)• islower(ch)• isupper(ch)• tolower(ch)• toupper(ch) etc,.
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Decision Making
• It is used to change the order of the program based on condition.
• Categories:– Sequential structure– Selection structure– Iteration structure– Encapsulation structure
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Decision Making (cont)• Sequential structure
– In which instructions are executed in sequence.
• Selection structure– In which instruction are executed based on
the result of some condition.
• Iteration structure– In which instruction are executed repeatedly.
• Encapsulation structure– In which some compound structure are used.
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SELECTION STRUCTURE
• It allows the program to make a choice from alternative paths.
• C provide the following selection structures– IF statement– IF … ELSE statement– Nested IF … ELSE statement– IF … ELSE ladder
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IF Statement
SyntaxIF (condition is true)
{
Statements;
}
If condition
False
True
Statements
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Example#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a;clrscr( );printf("\nEnter the number:");scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>10){
printf(" \n a is greater than 10");}
getch( );}
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Output
Enter the number: 12
a is greater than 10
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IF…ELSE Statement
SyntaxIF (condition) {
True statements;}ELSE{
False statements;}
If Condition
True False
True statements
False statements
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#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a;clrscr( );printf("\nEnter the number:");scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>10){
printf(" \n a is greater than 10");}
else{
printf(" \n a is less than 10");}
getch( );}
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NESTED IF… ELSE
If Condition
2
True False
True statements
False statements
IfCondition
1False
StatementsTrue
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NESTED IF… ELSESyntaxIF (condition1) {
IF (condition2) {
True statements;}ELSE{
False statements;}
}ELSE{
False statements;}
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IF…ELSE LADDER
Condition1
Statements
Condition2
Statements
Condition3
Statements Statements
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
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IF…ELSE LADDERSyntaxIF (condition1) {statements;}
else if (condition2) {statements;}
else if (condition3){statements;}
else{statements;}
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Example#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int m1,m2,m3; float avg; printf("\nEnter the marks:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&m1,&m2,&m3); avg=(m1+m2+m3)/3; printf("\n The average is:%f",avg); printf("\n The Grade is:"); if(avg>=60) {
printf("First class"); }
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else if(avg>=50) {
printf("Second class"); } else if(avg>=35) {
printf("Thrid class"); } else {
printf("Fail"); }
getch();}
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Output
Enter the marks:65
75
70
The average is:70.000000
The Grade is: First class
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Looping structure
• It is used to execute some instructions several time based on some condition.– WHILE – Do…WHILE – For
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WHILE Loop
Syntax.
WHILE (condition){
.Body of the loop;
. } Body of The loop
conditionFalse
True
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Example#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int i=1,fact=1,n; printf("\nEnter the Number:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(i<=n) {
fact =fact *i; i++; // i=i+1
} printf("\n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact); getch();}
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Output
Enter the Number:3
The value of 3! is: 6
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DO…WHILE Loop
Syntax
do
{
Body of the loop
}while (condition);
Body of The loop
condition
False
True
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for loop
Syntax
for (initialization; test condition; Increment/Decrement)
{
Body of the loop
}
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for loop
Initialization
condition False
Body of the loop
Inc / Decrement
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Example#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int i,fact=1,n; printf("\nEnter the Number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) {
fact =fact *i; } printf("\n The value of %d! is:%d",n,fact); getch();}
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Output
Enter the Number:3
The value of 3! is: 6
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Nested for loop
Syntaxfor (initi; cond; Inc/Dec)
{
for (initi; cond; Inc/Dec){
Body of the loop
}
}
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CASE structure
Case 1
Case 2
Defaultcase
Switch
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CASE structureSyntaxswitch (expression){case constant 1:
block1;break;
case constant 2:block2;break;..
default :default block;break;
}
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Example#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int i,n; printf("\nEnter the Number:"); scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n) {
case 1:{printf("\n Its in case 1");break;}
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case 2:{printf("\n Its in case 2");break;}
default:{printf("\n Its in default");break;}
} getch();}
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Output
Enter the Number:2
Its in case 2
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break Statement
• It is used to terminate the loop
• When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, then the loop is terminated.
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Loops with break Statement
while(cond)
{
…………
if(cond)
break;
…………
}
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do
{
…………
if(cond)
break;
…………
} while(cond);
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for (initi; condt; Inc/Dec)
{
…………
if(cond)
break;
…………
}
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Continue Statement
• When a continue statement is encountered inside a loop, the control is transferred to the beginning.
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Loops with continue Statement
while(cond)
{
…………
if(cond)
continue;
…………
}
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do
{
…………
if(cond)
continue;
…………
} while(cond);
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for (initi; condt; Inc/Dec)
{
…………
if(cond)
continue;
…………
}
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goto Statement
• When a goto statement is encountered inside a loop, the control is transferred to the beginning.
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Syntax for goto Statement
label:
…………
…………
…………
goto label;
…………
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goto label;
…………
…………
…………
label:
…………
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getchar() Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char x;
printf("enter the character:");
x=getchar();
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if(islower(x))
putchar(toupper(x));
else
putchar(tolower(x));
getch();
}
Output:
enter the character:ABC
a
![Page 133: INTRODUCTION TO C. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell laboratory in 1972 It is an upgrade version of languages B and BCPL](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013101/5697bfd31a28abf838cac04d/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
getche() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c ;
clrscr();
printf("\nInput a string:");
c = getche();
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printf("\nstring is:");
putch(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a string:k
string is:k
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Getch() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
clrscr();
printf("\nInput a string:");
c = getch();
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printf("\nstring is:");
putch(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a string:
string is:h
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getc Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char x;
printf("enter the character:");
x=getc(stdin);
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if(islower(x))
putc(toupper(x),stdout);
else
putc(tolower(x),stdout);
getch();
}
Output:
enter the character:abc
A
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gets() Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char c[80];
clrscr();
printf("Input a string:");
gets(c);
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printf("The string is:");
puts(c);
getch();
}
Output:
Input a string:qwerty
The string is:qwerty
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Example #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() {
int a,b,c,n;clrscr();printf("\nEnter the value of a,b:");scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);printf("\nMENU");printf("\n1.ADD\n2.SUB\n3.MULTIPLY\n0.EXIT");printf("\nEnter the choice:");scanf("%d",&n);
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switch(n){ case 1:
c=a+b;printf("\nThe result of Addition is:%d",c);break;
case 2:c=a-b;printf("\nThe result of Subtraction is:
%d",c);break;
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case 3:c=a*b;printf("\nThe result of Multiplication is:%d",c);break;
case 0:exit(0);break;
}getch();
}
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Output
Enter the value of a,b:56MENU1.ADD2.SUB3.MULTIPLY0.EXITEnter the choice:1The result of Addition is:11
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Finding Armstrong No#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int r=0,sum=0,n,a; printf("\nEnter the number:"); scanf("%d",&n); a=n;
while(n>0){
r=n%10;sum=sum+r*r*r;n=n/10;
}
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if(a==sum){ printf("\nIt is an armstrong number");}else{ printf("\nIt is not an armstrong number");}
getch();}
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Output
Enter the number:153
It is an armstrong number
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Sum of the Digits
#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int r=0,sum=0,n; printf("\nEnter the no:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(n>0) { r=n%10;
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sum=sum+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("sum of the digits is:%d",sum);
}
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Output
Enter the no:156
sum of the digits is:12
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Reverse of a number
#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int r=0,sum=0,n; printf("\nEnter the no:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(n>0)
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{
r=n%10;
sum=sum*10+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("Reverse of the number is:%d",sum);
getch();
}
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Output
Enter the no:567
Reverse of the number is:765
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Fibonacci Series
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int f=0,f1=-1,f2=1,n,i;
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
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while(f<n){ f=f1+f2;
f1=f2; f2=f;
printf("\t%d",f);}
getch();}
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Output
Enter the number:5
0 1 1 2 3 5
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Swapping #include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a,b,c;clrscr( );printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");scanf("%d",&a);printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");scanf("%d",&b);c=a;a=b;b=c;
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printf(" \nThe value of a is:%d",a);printf(" \nThe value of b is:%d",b);getch( );}
Output:Enter the value of a:5Enter the value of b:4
The value of a is:4The value of b is:5
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Swapping without using third variable
#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>void main ( ){int a,b;clrscr( );printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");scanf("%d",&a);printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");scanf("%d",&b);
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a=a+b;b=a-b;a=a-b;printf(" \nThe value of a is:%d",a);printf(" \nThe value of b is:%d",b);getch( );}
Output:Enter the value of a:5Enter the value of b:6
The value of a is:6The value of b is:5
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Quadratic Equation#include<stdio.h>#include <conio.h>#include<math.h>void main ( ){int a,b,c,d,r1,r2;clrscr( );printf(" \nEnter the value of a:");scanf("%d",&a);printf(" \nEnter the value of b:");scanf("%d",&b);printf(" \nEnter the value of c:");scanf("%d",&c);d=b*b-4*a*c;
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if(d>=0){
r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf(" \nThe roots are %d,%d",r1,r2);}else{ printf(" \nThe roots are imaginary");}getch( );}
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Output
Enter the value of a:4
Enter the value of b:5
Enter the value of c:6
The roots are imaginary