CCTV

Ceril, John EvanChavez, Jerard ErlDela Cruz, Patrick

Gonzales, John LouieMalagdao, Christian Paul

Ramos, AlvynSuelto, Josephine

ECE 4-1

Outline

• Introduction• Privacy and Liability Considerations• Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) System Overview• Capture Devices• Transmission• Processing• Recording• Monitoring

Introduction

Introduction

• Assets have been defined as money, physical and intellectual property, and even the lives of the employees or occupants. Historically, human beings were used in situations where some threat to the safety of these assets existed.

• The modern remedy for the use of guards is the surveillance camera.

Camera systems

• Can passively record activities for later local or remote review, or can employ varying levels of artificial intelligence by detect motion, activity in certain defined windows, quantities of pedestrian or vehicle traffic, or recording and reporting the license numbers or photographs of traffic violators.

Styles and functions of camera systems

Digital vs. true analog camera and tape recording– for smaller systems

Hybrid

Internet protocol camera (IP), packet-based signal, and digital storage - for mid- and large-systems

Factors affecting the selection of camera systems

lighting levels resolutionartificial intelligence (AI) resistance to vandalismnetwork impactavailable space w/in buildings to house equipment court admissibility of the captured images

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV)

• widely used technology• use of cameras for watching or controlling assets

• process of capturing an image, transmitting the image, processing the image, viewing the image, and recording the image

• requires knowledge of cameras and their placement, as well as knowledge of transmission and recording principles

Applications of CCTV

• Primary applications– Investigation.– Prosecution.– Deterrence.– Observation.– Intrusion detection.

• Traditional uses– Operational.– Safety.– Security.

Privacy and Liability Considerations

A good rule of thumb in the use of CCTV is to not apply its use in areas where a right to privacy is expected,

• but if there is any doubt about privacy expectations, seek and document an informed legal opinion.

Privacy

• passed in the Senate Committee to help the PNP to easily solve and deter crimes

• CCTV installation in the Philippines is now a mandatory requirement for issuance of business permit, both renewals of business permit and for new applications.

Security Act of 2012 for CCTV Cameras

• All business establishments that employ no less than twenty (20) people.

• All business establishments that have work premises of fifty (50) meters or more.

Who are required to Install CCTV cameras in the Philippines?

• All business establishments whose daily transactions amount to no less than fifty thousand (50,000) pesos per day.

• All CCTV cameras must have Twenty four (24) hours, seven (7) days a week recordings.

• All video recordings of a period of no less than sixty (60) days must be kept in store.

What are the Mandatory Requirements?

• Installations for all entry points (entrances and exits) within your work area as well as perimeter of your work area.

• Imprisonment of no more than six months

• Fine of one thousand (1,000.00) pesos per day

Penalties implemented for Non-compliance

• None issuance of business permits

Reference: http://www.manilacctv.com/index.php/blogs/10-philippines-cctv-law

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) System Overview

Closed-Circuit Television System

• Capture—Consists of the camera, lens, and mount assembly.

• Transmission—Refers to the protocol and media by which video signals are moved from the capture devices to processing and recording equipment, and from processing and recording equipment to the monitoring components of a system.

CCTV components

CCTV components

• Processing—Carries video inputs to selected video outputs.

• Recording—Writes the transmitted signal to a recording media.

• Monitoring—Consists of elements within the system that enable viewing, analyzing, and manipulating the captured images. This may include monitoring of live and recorded video.

CCTV components

• Support Infrastructure—Includes all the remaining elements that make a CCTV system complete.

Capture Devices

Capture Devices

• The most notable evolution in the CCTV field has been the movement from analog processing to digital signal processing permitted by the invention of the charged coupled device (CCD) imaging chip.

Charged Coupled Device (CCD)

• contains a matrix of light-sensitive picture elements (e.g., pixels), which are scanned in an orderly fashion to create an electronic representation of the image seen by the lens.

• where an image is collected and processed for output

Camera Resolutions

• defined as the clarity and crispness of the transmitted image

For security purposes:380-400 horizontal line range - analog480 by 720 pixels – digital

• No direct conversion can be made between the two measurements.

Camera Resolutions

Color vs. Monochrome

• depends on the type of application

Monochrome - less lighting to obtain usable video - led to the development of a camera

popularly known as night/day.

Night/day camera

• for lighting levels that are expected to vary significantly and regularly

Camera Technology

• IR cameras—Refers to specially designed imagers capable of seeing into the low IR bandwidth. They are sometimes referred to as starlight cameras due to IRs night time viewing capabilities.

Camera Technology

• Thermal cameras—Captures heat or temperature values of a scene rather than light values, regardless of how bright or dark the scene appears to the human eye.

Camera Technology

• Film cameras—They have been on the market for many years. These self-sustaining units are equipped with traditional camera film, which permanently store the scenes. The film requires replacement when exhausted.

Lenses

• defined by their focal length represented in millimeter (mm).

• 3 mm (1/8 in) to more than 101 mm (4 in)The larger the lens size, the more distant object the

camera can focus.

Lens Calculation Variables

• H = Horizontal field of view• V = Vertical field of view• L = Distance from the

camera lens to the object• f = Focal length of the lens• W = Field of view

Types of camera lenses:

• Fixed lens—This lens is a specific focal-length lens. Once installed, the view never changes unless the lens is replaced with a different size.

• Variable lens—This lens has an adjustable focal-length (e.g., 3-8 mm [0.12-0.3 in]) and is manually variable in the field. These lenses allow for post-installation adjustments of the field of view or where the view needs can change.

• Zoom lens—This lens has an integrated motor that drives an adjustable range focal-length lens (e.g., 4.1–41 mm [0.16-1.6 in] or 12-101 mm [0.47-4 in]) and may be automatically adjusted by remote from the control and monitoring equipment.

Types of camera lenses:

• Multiple lens:– Iris control (e.g., manual vs. automatic).– Filters.

Mounting and Housings

• Fixed—Refers to a camera dedicated to single view that does not change unless the camera is physically moved.

• Pan and Tilt—Refers to a camera with a pan, tilt, and zoom (PTZ) lens that allows for a 180° or 360° view, controlled electronically from a remote viewing station.

Camera mounting types:

1. Wall.2. Ceiling.3. Pole or mast.4. Parapet.5. Corner.

Housings are designed with special conditions, such as:

1. Moisture.2. Dust.3. Heat.4. Vandalism.5. Explosiveness (e.g., the housing is sealed to

work within atmospheres containing explosive vapors).

6. Undercarriage (e.g., flush- or surface-mounted in-ground capture devices and housing).

Lighting

• has improved to an extent that minimal lighting supports image capture.

IR illuminator—utilizes IR lamps to brighten scenes for both IR and visible band cameras.

Capture Devices Emerging Trends and Technologies

• desire for high-definition television (HDTV) influenced the CCTV marketplace

• CCD image devices capable of providing multi-mega pixel resolution

× difficult for processing, recording, and monitoring

Transmission

Principles

Video signal from a CCTV camera has to provide a variety of information in the correct sequence for an image to be displayed – thru synchronizing pulses.

• Synchronizing pulses are a relatively low-frequency component of the composite video signal. (60 frames)

Principles

Composite Video Waveform

• Luminance defines how bright a particular point in the picture should be and is a relatively high-frequency (5.8 MHz) component.

Principles

Principles

• Chrominance defines which colors a particular part of the picture should have (color cameras only), and also a high-frequency (3.58 MHz) component.

Principles

The transmission media must:be capable of supporting these high frequencies

without distortion. support a wide bandwidth from low to relatively high

frequencies to produce a usable videonot significantly alter the signals’ time relationship

degradation and amplitude

protect the signal’s integrity from external interference

Cabling Considerations

The distance that a CCTV signal may be run is determined by the:

• Signal strength at the source (e.g., camera).

• Required signal strength at the receiving end (e.g., monitor).

• Signal loss over the distance of the cable run.

Cabling Considerations

• Low-frequency components are affected primarily by the dc resistance of the cable, which typically results in the loss of stability (e.g., rolling and tearing) in the image displayed on a monitor.

• Video processing equipment (e.g., recorders and multiplexers) is less tolerant of cable attenuation and may not function adequately.

Analog to Digital Process

Digital Technology• use an analog to digital converter.• can be located either at the camera or anywhere

along the path back to the head end monitoring and control location.

• uses the traditional coaxial transmission media but also may use twisted pair and optical fiber cable.

Transmission media

Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables• signal level is a voltage referenced to ground• example,

video signal from the camera - 0.3 and 1.0 V above zero (e.g., ground level which is the shield).

• standard rules:– For mini-coaxial cable—107-152 m (351-500 ft) color signal– For series-59—230-305 m (750-1000 ft) color signal– For series-6—305-457 m (1000-1500 ft) color signal– For series-11—671-900 m (2200-3000 ft) color signal

Transmission media

Transmission media

Balanced (Twisted-Pair) Cables• with energized conductors and usually do not use

reference ground as a conductor• noise immunity comes from the twisted construction• transport analog video signals over greater distances

than coaxial cable• do not have the potential for ground-loop problems

Transmission media

Optical Fiber Cable• extremely effective means of transporting video signal

• resistant to electromagnetic interference (EMI)

• transmit higher bandwidth over greater distances without degrading the video signal

• CCTV signals modulate a beam of light that is transmitted through the optical cable to a receiver, where it is demodulated into its original form.

Transmission media

Wireless Transmission• Types:

– Radio frequency (RF)– Free-space optics (FSO)– Microwave

• can aid rapid deployment of security surveillance• limited to line-of-sight (LoS) applications

Transmission media

Internet Protocol (IP) Transmission

• Two possible methods:– Digitization of video from an analog device and subsequent conversion to

IP video.– Use of IP-based cameras.

• capability of integrating with existing IT systems• support almost any number of cameras at one time• limited only by the connection speed for viewing• resolution limit may be scaled up or down, depending

upon the monitor’s size

Signal Multiplexing

Multiplexing• used when limited signal pathways exist between a

location with multiple image capture devices and the monitoring location.

Processing

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Matrix

• switches and distributes video signals from multiple inputs to multiple outputs.

• through a mesh architecture technology that allows an administrator or user to interface with the system to control the desired operations.

• The traditional product is available in multiples of 8 or 16 inputs and outputs.

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Matrix

Flexibility.Scalability.Reliability.

• Matrixes may be connected in single large or small systems and master-slave configurations, allowing for a distributed architecture and resulting in several benefits including:

Multiview Processors

• to take groups of video inputs and consolidate into a single video output

• structured to allow multiple inputs to be simultaneously displayed in a single output image.

× results in lower resolution of each individual input in the grid format

To view the detail, display the video in a single view on a larger screen.

Multiview Processors

Multiview Processors

Recording

Analog Recording

• linear writing of video image data to a media for the purpose of storage.

‒ A single video input to a single recording device.‒ Multiple video inputs (e.g., multiview processor)

to a single recording device.‒ Multiplexed video input to a single recording

device.

• Approaches to analog recording include:

Analog Recording

• may be set for 12- or 24-hour duration, lowering the frame rate by half.

• The longer the selected duration, the lower the frame rate.

× Tape change out‒ video could be missed due to operator error‒ tape degradation caused by constant re-

recording‒ tape storage may become a major issue

Digital Recording

• nonlinear writing of video image data to a media for the purpose of storage.

• Approaches to digital recording include:‒ Storage-area networks (SANs).‒ Network-attached storage (NAS).‒ Redundant array of independent disks (RAID).‒ Stand-alone disks and digital tapes.

Digital Recording

• accepts analog inputs and digitizes the video• capable of using the capture device for motion

detection and altering the recording frame rates (detects changes in the video frame and increases the recording rate only when motion is detected, allowing conservation of storage space)

• enables retrieving and viewing video without interruptions in the recording process, scanning video for activity, and viewing cameras over local area network (LAN)/wide area network (WAN) connections.

Monitors

• accept various forms of video input from a camera, switcher, or recording device and convert the video back into a visible picture on the monitor screen

• used for surveillance have no tuning or audio capabilities.

• the human interface for the CCTV system.• provide an accurate image clear to the human eye

Monitors

• The size of the monitor does not necessarily indicate the quality of the image.

• Monitors may be divided into four groups:‒ Monochrome (typical in surveillance; halftones or gray

scale)‒ Color‒ Video graphics and text (in computers, display color hues

with a higher purity)‒ Audio and video

Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)• accept the input of electrons from

the source, and then paint the image onto the back of a phosphor-coated screen, which produces a visible image.

Monitors

• relatively long life span• use inexpensive components and

cost less than any competing technology.

Plasma• created using more than a million tiny glass cells that

are charged with a mixture of neon and xenon

Monitors

• The light for a plasma screen is created when an electrode activates plasma cells. The resulting UV light charges the phosphors, causing them to emit a visible light.

Liquid crystal display (LCD)• contain a glass panel for each primary color.

Monitors

• As light passes through the LCD panels, the picture elements or pixels open or close to allow the light to pass. This opening and closing activity creates the image on the screen.

Digital light processor (DLP)• developed by Texas Instruments.

Monitors

• has reflective surface composed of thousands of tiny mirrors, each representing a pixel.

• The combination of the mirrors, light source, and color wheel recreate the image on the screen.

Liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS)• a hybrid of LCD and DLP technologies.

Monitors

• places liquid crystal directly to each mirror, which then opens or closes to modulate the light into an image.

Touch screens.• use various methods to detect

input when the operator touches the front of the screen.

Monitors

• Types:– IR beam.– Transparent switch matrix.– Electronically conductive membrane.

• used with CRT displays due to resiliency issues with the monitor’s front surface.

• Factors to consider when deciding which display technology to select include:– Operating environment.– Purchase price.– Maintenance costs (e.g., light source vs. CRT life).– Screen size.– Color saturation.– Image sharpness.– Brightness.– Image quality (i.e., resolution).– Size and weight of display and projector.

Monitors

• Elements that must be considered when planning to monitor a surveillance system are the:– Number, type, and quality of monitors.– Integration with other systems.– Physical arrangement of monitors.– Ability to view in multiple locations.– Sequencing and matrix, or multiplex switching.

Monitors

• Factors included in the monitor array design to address operator fatigue: – Positioning of the monitors– Distance between the monitor and the operator

corresponding to the size of the monitor– Height above the monitor’s placement above the floor– Monitor’s position within the array

Monitors

Thank You!

References[1] BICSI. (2006). Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual. 11th Edition. Pages 1346 – 1368. BICSI World Headquarters. Tampa, Florida, USA.

[2] (Online) http://www.manilacctv.com/index.php/blogs/10-philippines-cctv-law (September 28, 2015)

[3] (Online) http://www.manilacctv.com/index.php/blogs/10-philippines-cctv-law (September 28, 2015)