introduction to chemistry chem 003a fall 2011 instructor: brett williams lecture: mw 6:00 pm-6:55 pm...
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Introduction to Chemistry Introduction to Chemistry Chem 003AChem 003A
Fall 2011Fall 2011
Instructor: Brett WilliamsInstructor: Brett Williams
Lecture: MW 6:00 PM-6:55 PM Lecture: MW 6:00 PM-6:55 PM
in Cunningham 301in Cunningham 301
Laboratory: MW 7:00 PM-9:55 PMLaboratory: MW 7:00 PM-9:55 PM
in Cunningham 305in Cunningham 305
Two ways to reach me:Two ways to reach me:
E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
Course is comprised of:Course is comprised of:
Lectures Lectures Problem SetsProblem Sets Assigned HomeworkAssigned Homework Quizzes Quizzes Lab ExercisesLab Exercises Lab ExperimentsLab Experiments WorksheetsWorksheets 4 Exams and 1 Final Exam4 Exams and 1 Final Exam
LecturesLectures
Presented on power point overheadsPresented on power point overheads Lecture notes are available in hard copyLecture notes are available in hard copy
To download files, go to this adjunct faculty To download files, go to this adjunct faculty site: site: www.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliamswww.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliams
Not required for class, but recommendedNot required for class, but recommended Lecture notes complement the Lecture notes complement the
textbook/assignments but attendance textbook/assignments but attendance is essential to get all of the information is essential to get all of the information you needyou need
Problem SetsProblem Sets Subsequent to specific lecturesSubsequent to specific lectures Several practice problems associated with Several practice problems associated with
the current lecture topicthe current lecture topic Some problems sets will be covered in class Some problems sets will be covered in class Some of the problem sets can be submitted
for credit Problems sets are to assist you (supplement) Problems sets are to assist you (supplement)
with homework assignments in the textwith homework assignments in the text Not every type of chapter problem is Not every type of chapter problem is
represented on the problem setsrepresented on the problem sets
HomeworkHomework
Assigned for each chapterAssigned for each chapter Problems are placed near the beginning of Problems are placed near the beginning of
each power point lecture presentationeach power point lecture presentation All odd numbered answers are placed at All odd numbered answers are placed at
the end of the book the end of the book HW will not be collected or graded HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do
the HW it may affect your performance on the HW it may affect your performance on the quizzes and/or examsthe quizzes and/or exams
QuizzesQuizzes
Five Chapter QuizzesFive Chapter Quizzes20 points each20 points eachNo make-upsNo make-ups
Based on the homework assignments for Based on the homework assignments for that chapterthat chapter
20-30 minutes long20-30 minutes long Given during the first hourGiven during the first hour The The best 4 of 5best 4 of 5 chapter quizzes are used in chapter quizzes are used in
your total scoreyour total score Two additional quizzes for Chapter 5 only: Two additional quizzes for Chapter 5 only:
Name and Formula QuizzesName and Formula Quizzes
Other Lab AssignmentsOther Lab Assignments Lab ExercisesLab Exercises
Ten (total) exercisesTen (total) exercises10 points each10 points eachMost will originate from your lab textbook Most will originate from your lab textbook Some exercises will be provided to youSome exercises will be provided to you
WorksheetsWorksheetsNot collected or gradedNot collected or gradedTo be completed during lab period To be completed during lab period A review to prepare for examsA review to prepare for exams
ExperimentsExperiments Ten (total) experimentsTen (total) experiments
20 Points Each20 Points EachLabs reports are due in one week; if an Labs reports are due in one week; if an
experiment is completed on Tuesday, the experiment is completed on Tuesday, the report is due the following week (next report is due the following week (next Tuesday)Tuesday)
60 % rule60 % rule: A student must meet this : A student must meet this minimum score in lab to pass the course. minimum score in lab to pass the course. No exceptionsNo exceptions
The best The best 9 out of 109 out of 10 experiments are used experiments are used in your total scorein your total score
ExamsExams
Four examsFour examsBased on the chapters which Based on the chapters which
are listed in the syllabusare listed in the syllabus100 points each100 points eachAll exams count in total scoreAll exams count in total scoreTime: 2 hours to completeTime: 2 hours to complete
Final ExamFinal Exam
Monday, Dec 26Monday, Dec 26thth, , *6 PM*6 PM3 Hours3 HoursCumulative ExamCumulative Exam200 points200 points
Grading ScaleGrading Scale
(Based on 1000 possible points)(Based on 1000 possible points)
90.0 - 100 %90.0 - 100 % AA
75.0 - 89.9 %75.0 - 89.9 %BB
60.0 - 74.9 %60.0 - 74.9 %CC
50.0 - 59.9%50.0 - 59.9% DD
< 50.0 %< 50.0 % FF
Required MaterialsRequired Materials
Textbook:Textbook: Introductory Chemistry, 2Introductory Chemistry, 2ndnd ed. ed. by by TroTro
Laboratory Manual:Laboratory Manual: Foundations of Foundations of Chemistry in the LaboratoryChemistry in the Laboratory, , 13th ed. 13th ed. by by M. Hein, et alM. Hein, et al
CalculatorCalculator Safety Goggles & LockSafety Goggles & Lock
Laboratory PolicyLaboratory Policy
No one may participate in lab wearing No one may participate in lab wearing open toe / heel shoesopen toe / heel shoes. . Watch what Watch what you wear on lab daysyou wear on lab days. If you have . If you have inappropriate attire, you will inappropriate attire, you will NOTNOT be be allowed to complete the laballowed to complete the lab
Goggles must be worn during all lab Goggles must be worn during all lab experimentsexperiments
Your attendance and participation is Your attendance and participation is expectedexpected
Chapter 1Chapter 1
The The
Chemical WorldChemical World
Chemicals Compose Ordinary ThingsChemicals Compose Ordinary Things
ChemistryChemistry The study of the properties and the behavior of The study of the properties and the behavior of
chemicals chemicals (matter)(matter) The composition, structure, and reactions of The composition, structure, and reactions of
chemicalschemicals The connection between properties of a The connection between properties of a
substance and the properties of the particles substance and the properties of the particles that compose it that compose it
Why does Soda Pop Fizz? Why does Soda Pop Fizz? Why is water a liquid?Why is water a liquid? Why is a sunset red?Why is a sunset red?
All Things Are Made of Atoms and MoleculesAll Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules
All things around you are composed of All things around you are composed of atoms atoms (matter)(matter) AtomsAtoms bond together to form bond together to form moleculesmolecules How atoms are bonded and the types of atoms
present determine the properties of a substance Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects Chemistry occurs around you everyday and affects
everything you use and do. everything you use and do. It helps us to understand the connection between our It helps us to understand the connection between our
world and the world of atoms and moleculesworld and the world of atoms and molecules The properties of matter are analyzed by:The properties of matter are analyzed by:
Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we see)Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we see) Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose matter Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose matter
(atomic level)(atomic level)
Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes
Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and happen around you all of the timehappen around you all of the time
The molecular interactions create your experienceThe molecular interactions create your experience Chemistry (reactions) occurs whenChemistry (reactions) occurs when
food is cooked or baked food is cooked or baked chlorine is added to a poolchlorine is added to a pool batteries are used in a flashlight/radiobatteries are used in a flashlight/radio salt is added to sidewalks and roadssalt is added to sidewalks and roads bleach is added to laundrybleach is added to laundry
Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes
In natureIn nature fermentation by microbes which fermentation by microbes which
converts sugars to alcohols converts sugars to alcohols photosynthesis by plants to convert photosynthesis by plants to convert
sunlight energy into chemical energysunlight energy into chemical energy leaves changing color due to the leaves changing color due to the
interaction of different pigmentsinteraction of different pigments
Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes
In laboratories and in manufacturingIn laboratories and in manufacturinggasoline refining (distillation) gasoline refining (distillation) development of synthetic fibers (nylon, development of synthetic fibers (nylon,
dacron) dacron) new pharmaceuticals (design and new pharmaceuticals (design and
synthesis)synthesis)water purification (water softening)water purification (water softening)agriculture/food production (pesticides, agriculture/food production (pesticides,
fungicides, herbicides) fungicides, herbicides)
Chemistry and ChemicalsChemistry and Chemicals Everything around you is composed of chemicalsEverything around you is composed of chemicals A A chemicalchemical is a material is a material usedused or or producedproduced in a in a
chemical process (laboratory, manufacturing or chemical process (laboratory, manufacturing or natural).natural). It consists of two or more chemical elements bound in a fixed It consists of two or more chemical elements bound in a fixed
ratio; they have a unique and defined chemical structureratio; they have a unique and defined chemical structure It cannot be separated any further without breaking chemical It cannot be separated any further without breaking chemical
bonds bonds It is a It is a pure substancepure substance: same composition and properties : same composition and properties
throughout (not a mixture with a variable composition)throughout (not a mixture with a variable composition) It can be a solid, liquid, or a gasIt can be a solid, liquid, or a gas
Substances that were developed by chemists are in Substances that were developed by chemists are in use everyday use everyday Soaps, toothpaste, lotion, clothing Soaps, toothpaste, lotion, clothing
Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines Science is the study in which humans Science is the study in which humans
attempt to explain knowledge about attempt to explain knowledge about themselves and their surroundingsthemselves and their surroundings
Facts are organized and explained, in a Facts are organized and explained, in a systematic and logical manner systematic and logical manner
It is an attempt to understand (better) It is an attempt to understand (better) how nature works how nature works
Through observation of physical evidence Through observation of physical evidence (phenomena)(phenomena)
Experiments to simulate events under Experiments to simulate events under controlled conditionscontrolled conditions
Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines
Science covers an Science covers an enormous range of enormous range of accumulated accumulated information which is information which is divided into branches divided into branches called called scientific scientific disciplinesdisciplines
Chemistry is one of Chemistry is one of the branches of the branches of science (botany, science (botany, geology, physics, geology, physics, zoology)zoology)
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Most scientific and technological advances are Most scientific and technological advances are
through the use of experimentation as a method through the use of experimentation as a method of problem-solving of problem-solving
In general, no two scientist will approach a In general, no two scientist will approach a problem exactly in the same mannerproblem exactly in the same manner
Scientist (chemists) use a method of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation: The Scientific Method
These are the guidelines for the practice of science to achieve systematic experimentation
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Scientific Method: A set of procedures (steps)
used to acquire knowledge and explain an observable fact
The process (steps):1) Observations: Identify the problem and plan
procedures to obtain information Collect Data: Observe, describe, and take
measurements (data) Organize data to find patterns in the information
2) Once sufficient data is collected, form a hypothesis A hypothesis is a possible model or statement
that offers an explanation for the observations
The Scientific Method: The Scientific Method: Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law
3) Experiments: A well-defined, controlled procedure to : A well-defined, controlled procedure to obtain informationobtain information
To validate the hypothesis perform more To validate the hypothesis perform more experimentsexperiments
If an experiment is performed under exactly the If an experiment is performed under exactly the same conditions, the same results (facts) should same conditions, the same results (facts) should occuroccur
If results are different than predicted, modify or If results are different than predicted, modify or propose a new hypothesispropose a new hypothesis
4) Theory A hypothesis that has been tested and validated A hypothesis that has been tested and validated
over a long period of timeover a long period of time Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are
repeated and confirm the hypothesis repeated and confirm the hypothesis
The Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law
If after extensive testing If after extensive testing the reliability of a the reliability of a hypothesis become very hypothesis become very high, it will evolve to a high, it will evolve to a theorytheory
A theory allows a scientist A theory allows a scientist to predict the outcome of to predict the outcome of proposed experimentsproposed experiments
If results of future If results of future experiments conflict with experiments conflict with the current theory it must the current theory it must either be modified, either be modified, restated, or even restated, or even replacedreplaced
The Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:Hypothesis, Theory, LawHypothesis, Theory, Law
After determining what facts are known about a After determining what facts are known about a selected problem, more experimentation is selected problem, more experimentation is performed to obtain more informationperformed to obtain more information
More facts are obtained. Look for repeating More facts are obtained. Look for repeating patterns among the collected facts patterns among the collected facts
If a large number of facts are tied together, it can If a large number of facts are tied together, it can eventually lead to a single generalized eventually lead to a single generalized statement statement
LawLaw: A concise, verbal statement that : A concise, verbal statement that summarizes facts about a natural phenomenonsummarizes facts about a natural phenomenon
Using the Scientific MethodUsing the Scientific MethodIn Summary:In Summary:
Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain informationinformation
Collect data through Collect data through observationobservation and and experimentationexperimentation QualitativeQualitative: Do not involve a number: Do not involve a number QuantitativeQuantitative: Involve measurements: Involve measurements
Analyze and organize the data to summarize Analyze and organize the data to summarize observations (form generalizations) observations (form generalizations)
Suggest probable explanations (form a Suggest probable explanations (form a hypothesishypothesis)) Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed
explanationsexplanations
Example IExample I
Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomato plant receives affect the size of the tomatoes?tomatoes?
You have You have observedobserved the plants in the the plants in the garden exposed to more sunlight appear garden exposed to more sunlight appear to grow largerto grow larger
HypothesisHypothesis: “The more sunlight a tomato : “The more sunlight a tomato plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will grow.”grow.”
Example I
Example IExample I
Your hypothesis is based on the fact that Your hypothesis is based on the fact that tomato plants need sunshine to produce tomato plants need sunshine to produce food (photosynthesis) food (photosynthesis)
The tomato plants exposed to more The tomato plants exposed to more sunlight appear to grow largersunlight appear to grow larger
Set up an Set up an experiment experiment with two sets of with two sets of plants. Both receive the same care with plants. Both receive the same care with one set exposed to more sunlight one set exposed to more sunlight
Example I
Example I
Collect your data and summarize your Collect your data and summarize your resultsresults
Conclusion: The hypothesis is Conclusion: The hypothesis is supportedsupported by by the data or it can be the data or it can be rejectedrejected (not supported (not supported by the data)by the data)
The hypothesis cannot be The hypothesis cannot be provenproven with one with one experimentexperiment
The original hypothesis can be The original hypothesis can be supportedsupported by the collected databy the collected data
Example IIExample IITopic: You have probably noticed Topic: You have probably noticed ((observedobserved) that soda pop fizzes when ) that soda pop fizzes when the bottle is opened.the bottle is opened.
Step 1Step 1: State the problem. Why does : State the problem. Why does soda pop fizz?soda pop fizz?
Step 2Step 2: Gather information (: Gather information (datadata).).Examine soda pop’s properties.Examine soda pop’s properties.
Its color, taste, etc.Its color, taste, etc.It bubbles and fizzes when It bubbles and fizzes when
opened.opened.Examine soda’s composition.Examine soda’s composition.
Example II
Example II
Step 3: Organize the information (data).All the material around you is composed
of chemicals.The three main chemical ingredients of
soda pop are water, sugar, and carbon dioxideSugar = sweetnessWater = liquidCarbon dioxide = gas
Example II
Step 4Step 4: Look for patterns.: Look for patterns.Structure determines propertiesStructure determines properties,, so the so the
fizzing of soda must have something to do fizzing of soda must have something to do with its composition with its composition
Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda Carbon dioxide, a component of the soda (carbonated beverages), is a gas(carbonated beverages), is a gas
We know that: We know that: If we blow air, a gas, into water, bubbles If we blow air, a gas, into water, bubbles
form.form.Bubbles are like soda fizz.Bubbles are like soda fizz.
Example II
Step 5Step 5: Propose a : Propose a hypothesishypothesis..Based on the fact that the only gas in Based on the fact that the only gas in
soda is carbon dioxide:soda is carbon dioxide:
““The reason soda pop fizzes is because The reason soda pop fizzes is because the carbon dioxide is coming out of the the carbon dioxide is coming out of the soda.”soda.”
Step 6Step 6: Test your hypothesis.: Test your hypothesis.How would you set up an experiment to How would you set up an experiment to
test it? test it?
Benefits to Studying ChemistryBenefits to Studying Chemistry
To further understand our world and its impact on our To further understand our world and its impact on our daily living (health care, natural resources, daily living (health care, natural resources, environmental protection, food supply)environmental protection, food supply)
Provides insight into other areas of modern science Provides insight into other areas of modern science and technologyand technology
Learn Problem-Solving SkillsLearn Problem-Solving Skills The ability to solve complicated chemistry The ability to solve complicated chemistry
problems can be applied to other types of problems can be applied to other types of problem-solvingproblem-solving
Help you develop a systematic approach to scientific Help you develop a systematic approach to scientific thought (logical, analytical)thought (logical, analytical) Enhances your ability to predict future events Enhances your ability to predict future events
based on patterns of behaviorbased on patterns of behavior
A Beginning Chemist: How to SucceedA Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
Some memorization is required:Some memorization is required: Learn the terms (vocabulary)Learn the terms (vocabulary) Ask why things occur in natureAsk why things occur in nature
Calculation Required: Calculation Required: Problem solving will include Problem solving will include conceptual checkpointsconceptual checkpoints, ,
sample problemssample problems, and , and student exercisesstudent exercises
Commitment: Use Commitment: Use Active LearningActive Learning: Read the : Read the text, attend lecture and practice “problem text, attend lecture and practice “problem solving” regularlysolving” regularly
Class: Problem sets, exercisesClass: Problem sets, exercises
Learning ChemistryLearning Chemistry
Develop your own study planDevelop your own study plan Do the recommended problemsDo the recommended problems Your confidence and problem solving skills Your confidence and problem solving skills
are enhanced through repetitionare enhanced through repetition Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first
time you see ittime you see it Read the text, come to classRead the text, come to class Ask questionsAsk questions
HomeworkHomework ““Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1”Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1” (a, b, c, d) (a, b, c, d)
““Checkpoints” succeed certain chapter sectionsCheckpoints” succeed certain chapter sections
““ExercisesExercises””1-13 (odd only)1-13 (odd only)
““ProblemsProblems””15-19 (odd only)15-19 (odd only)