Clinical Assessment: Intelligence, Behavior & Personality Assessment (Objective tests)

Zoltan Kovary PhD

ELTE PPKDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Addictology

2015/16 Autumn Semester

Assessment of Intelligence

Intelligence

A. Binet (1857-1911)Intelligentia quotiens (IQ)Mental age/biological age X100Ch. Spearman (1863-1945)Special and general intelligences L. Thurstone (1997-1955)Seven primary mental abilitiesD. Wechsler (1897-1981)Verbal and performative intelligences (VQ & PQ = IQ)R. Cattel (1905-1998)Crystallized & fluid intelligencesH. Gardner (1943)Multiple intelligences

ALL OF THESE ARE CONSTRUCTIONS, INTELLIGENCE IS WHAT INTELLIGENCE TEST MEASURE!!!

Raymond Cattels theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence

Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

Intelligence and thinking according to GuilfordIntelligenceMemoryThinkingCognitionProductionEvaluationConvergent DivergentJ. P. Guilford

Convergent and divergent thinkingDivergent thinkingConvergent thinking

IQ levels

Assessment

What is the clinical question?Dementia?Choice: Mini Mental StateIQ? (Compos mentis)Choice: Raven Progressive Matriceshttps://www.raventest.net/Intelligence structure? Intelligence deficit type?Choice: Wechsler (WAIS III, IV)

Raven Progressive MatricesJohn C. Raven (1902-1970)1936VariationsStandard, Coloured and Advanced Progressive MatricesMeasuring two components of Speramans gDeductive abilityReproductive ability (to store and reprocuce information)

Measuring dementia: Mini Mental State

The Wechsler test

To measure intelligence in adults and older adolescentsDavid Wechsler (1896-1981)The Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, 1939VersionsWAIS I: 1955WAIS IV: 2008The structure of intelligenceVebal IQPerformance IQ

The structure of intelligence according to Wechslers test

WAIS IQ Verbal subtest

WAIS IQ Performance subtests

Behavior Assessment

The principles of behavior assessment

Behaviorism & learning theoriesConcrete & obejctiveWell defined, circumscribed behavioral unitsInstead of What does she/he have? we ask What does she/he do?The types of problematic behaviorBe customized!Actual life situation (social, exsitential)Life historyThe types of learning processes in formation and persistence of symptoms

Comparing traditional and behavior diagnostics/assessment

Do not use medical diagnostic categoriesDo not want to identify stable personality traits c structuresBehavior-situation unityEffects on the environmentanalysing consequences

Purposes of behavior assessment To clarifywhich patterns of behavior are problematic for the patient and for her/his environmenthow this patterns formed and what keeps them active how can we change them?

Three phases of behavioral assessment

Analysis of the situationsWhere the problematic behavior shows upListing reactionsValuation of reactionsAdaptivity

The factors that determine behaviorR = f(S,O,K,C)

R : Responsef : factorS: StimuliO: Organismic factors (motivational, cognitive)C: Contingencies (reinforcement plans)C: Consequencies

Analysisng behavioral symptoms 1.

Analysing symptomsCauseless, too often, too rare, missingDefining the situations Where the behavior shows upSelf-control behavior CopingDefenceThe forming and persistence of the symptom behaviorThe type of conditioningClassicOperant

Analysisng behavioral symptoms 2.

The history of problematic behavior formingAnalysis of life historyAccessory aspectsPsychological & Somatic symptoms Interventions so far

Personality Assessment

The basic forms of personality tests used in clinical workObjective testsSimple scalesBeck Depression Inventory (BDI)Spielbergers State-Traits Anxiety Inventory (STAI)More complex inventoriesMinnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ)

Projective testsAssociativeRorschachBased on ChoiceSzondi test CompletionPicture Frustration TestSentence completion methods ConstructiveThematic Association Test Expressive Projective Drawings

Objective Tests/Self report inventoriesAdvantagesEconomicalScoring and administration are relatively simple and objectiveApparent objectivity and reliabilityDisadvantagesIdentifying motives or dynamics is not possibleTwo individuals who achieve the same score may actually be quite differentThe same score on a measure may have several alternative interpretationsEasier to simulate or dissimulate

The MMPI (Minnesotta Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Constructed in 1940-46MMPI 2: 1989566 itemsNo content ratingsThe nature of the scalesNo necessary content relation to the measured phenomenaNormal zone: 50-70 TAbove 70: the persons behavior, attitudes or reactions are similar to the particular disorder

The structure of MMPI 1

Validity ScalesL, F and KClinical Scales10 scaleCode profilesControl Scales (17)Trait Scales (15)Additional Neurosis Scales (18)Other Clinical Scales (17)Differential Diagnostic Indexes (Depression, Anxiety, Psychosis, etc)

An MMPI profile

Examples of subscales