introduction to computer instructor adeel anjum. what is data? data data is a plural word and its...

Introduction to ComputerIntroduction to Computer

INSTRUCTORINSTRUCTORADEEL ANJUMADEEL ANJUM

What is Data?What is Data? DataData

Data is a plural word and its singular form is datumData is a plural word and its singular form is datum

‘‘Datum’ is a Latin word meaning “something given”Datum’ is a Latin word meaning “something given”

Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by computercomputer

Data is a collection of facts made up of text, numbers and dates:Data is a collection of facts made up of text, numbers and dates:

Murray 35000 7/18/86Murray 35000 7/18/86

Any raw collection of facts and figures which is not meaningful to the user is Any raw collection of facts and figures which is not meaningful to the user is called datacalled data

Types of DataTypes of Data

There are three types of data to be entered There are three types of data to be entered in the computer:in the computer:

Alphabetic Data:Alphabetic Data: Capital letters from A-Z, and small Capital letters from A-Z, and small letters from a-z.letters from a-z.

Numeric Data:Numeric Data: Decimal numbers from 0-9, Decimal numbers from 0-9, decimal point notations. decimal point notations.

Alphanumeric Data: Alphanumeric Data: Alphabetic, numeric and Alphabetic, numeric and special special

characters/symbols.characters/symbols.

What is Information?What is Information?

InformationInformation

Information is interpreted dataInformation is interpreted data Information is the meaning given to data in the Information is the meaning given to data in the

way it is interpreted, e.g.way it is interpreted, e.g. Mr. Mr. MurrayMurray is a sales person whose annual salary is a sales person whose annual salary

ii$35,000$35,000 and whose hire date is and whose hire date is July 18, 1986July 18, 1986

Processed or meaningful form of data is called Processed or meaningful form of data is called information, like "Farhan, 40" are two data information, like "Farhan, 40" are two data items, but "Farhan is now 40 years old" is an items, but "Farhan is now 40 years old" is an informationinformation

Electronic Data ProcessingElectronic Data Processing

Raw data is transformed into information by processing itRaw data is transformed into information by processing it

Data Processing is a series of steps, actions or operations that converts data Data Processing is a series of steps, actions or operations that converts data into meaningful information, or input into outputinto meaningful information, or input into output

This can be accomplished by using machines, labor and proceduresThis can be accomplished by using machines, labor and procedures

When the data entered in the computer is manipulated, formulated ,sorted When the data entered in the computer is manipulated, formulated ,sorted and passed through mathematical or statistical formulas, so it is known as and passed through mathematical or statistical formulas, so it is known as Electronic Data ProcessingElectronic Data Processing

Functions of Electronic Data ProcessingFunctions of Electronic Data Processing

All data processing, whether done by hand or All data processing, whether done by hand or by the latest computer system, consists of by the latest computer system, consists of three basic activities:three basic activities:

• Capturing the input dataCapturing the input data• Manipulating the dataManipulating the data• Managing the output resultsManaging the output results

Input OutputProcessing

Conventional Data ProcessingConventional Data Processing

The conventional data processing system is the manual The conventional data processing system is the manual method of transforming data into informationmethod of transforming data into information

The human beings themselves collect data, classify and The human beings themselves collect data, classify and arrange according to the items of the data, perform manual arrange according to the items of the data, perform manual calculations and hence produce the required output resultcalculations and hence produce the required output result

Because of this processing method, the system is also termed Because of this processing method, the system is also termed as Manual Data Processing Systemas Manual Data Processing System

Example is Type Writer machineExample is Type Writer machine

Elements of an Elements of an Electronic Data Processing SystemElectronic Data Processing System There are four basic elements of an EDP system, these are:There are four basic elements of an EDP system, these are:

• HardwareHardwareThe physical components of a computer is called The physical components of a computer is called

hardwarehardware• SoftwareSoftware

The term software refers to the computer programs, The term software refers to the computer programs, routines and packages required to utilize and control the routines and packages required to utilize and control the operation of the computeroperation of the computer

• ProcedureProcedureProcedure is a set of pre-planned steps and policies which Procedure is a set of pre-planned steps and policies which

the computer system adopts in order to perform a the computer system adopts in order to perform a specific taskspecific task

• PersonnelPersonnelThe individuals who work in an environment basically The individuals who work in an environment basically

related to computers are known as computer personnelrelated to computers are known as computer personnel

Information TechnologyInformation Technology Information technology is the use of modern Information technology is the use of modern

technology to aid in storage, processing, analysis technology to aid in storage, processing, analysis and communication of information.and communication of information.

We can simply define that the information about We can simply define that the information about any technology is called information technology.any technology is called information technology.

Information technology means the use of the Information technology means the use of the hardware, software, services, and supporting hardware, software, services, and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver information infrastructure to manage and deliver information using voice, data and video.using voice, data and video.

Definition of a ComputerDefinition of a Computer

The word computer is derived from the word compute which The word computer is derived from the word compute which means to calculate somethingmeans to calculate something

With this meaning a computer is considered to be a With this meaning a computer is considered to be a calculating device that performs the arithmetic operations at calculating device that performs the arithmetic operations at enormous speed enormous speed

Now-a-days computer is not just the calculating device but it Now-a-days computer is not just the calculating device but it can perform many operations, so we can define as:can perform many operations, so we can define as:““Computer is an electronic device that processes data, Computer is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people”.converting it into information that is useful to people”.

Characteristics of ComputerCharacteristics of Computer

SpeedSpeed A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few

seconds the amount of work that a human can do in a dayseconds the amount of work that a human can do in a day AccuracyAccuracy

Every task is performed by computer with same Every task is performed by computer with same accuracy. Errors may occur in computer due to accuracy. Errors may occur in computer due to humanhuman

DiligenceDiligence Human beings get bored from work on the same Human beings get bored from work on the same

thing for a long time and also tired. But the case is thing for a long time and also tired. But the case is not same with computers, a computer is free from not same with computers, a computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentrationtiredness, lack of concentration

Characteristics of Computer (Cont..)Characteristics of Computer (Cont..) VersatilityVersatility

A computer is capable of performing almost any task. It just A computer is capable of performing almost any task. It just requires the particular software to perform that taskrequires the particular software to perform that task

Power of rememberingPower of remembering A computer can store and recall even after several years any A computer can store and recall even after several years any

amount of information because of its storage capabilityamount of information because of its storage capability

No feelingsNo feelings Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feelingsComputers are devoid of emotions. They have no feelings

I.QI.Q A human think with their mind that what is right for them and what A human think with their mind that what is right for them and what

is not. While a machine has no I.Q. But programmers are trying to is not. While a machine has no I.Q. But programmers are trying to make computer an intelligent machine.make computer an intelligent machine.

Brief History of ComputerBrief History of Computer Computers did not suddenly arrive on the sceneComputers did not suddenly arrive on the scene

The research on the computer technology is a process of hundreds of The research on the computer technology is a process of hundreds of years and is still in progressyears and is still in progress

The latest computer is the result of several minds combined to give us The latest computer is the result of several minds combined to give us the magic of sensethe magic of sense

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devicesthe different generations of computing devices

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate

Brief History of Computer (Cont..)Brief History of Computer (Cont..) There are five generations of computersThere are five generations of computers

1.1. First Generation (1940-1956)First Generation (1940-1956)

2.2. Second Generation (1956-1963)Second Generation (1956-1963)

3.3. Third Generation (1964-1971)Third Generation (1964-1971)

4.4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present)Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

5.5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

1.1. First Generation (1940-1956)First Generation (1940-1956)

In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for circuitrycircuitry

These computers were very large in size, taking up entire roomsThese computers were very large in size, taking up entire rooms

They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heatgreat deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat

First generation computers relied on machine languageFirst generation computers relied on machine language

The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator) computers are (Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator) computers are examples of first-generation computing devicesexamples of first-generation computing devices

Brief History of Computer (Cont..)Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

Vacuum Tubes in First Generation

ENIAC ComputerENIAC Computer

UNIVAC ComputerUNIVAC Computer

2.2. Second Generation (1956-1963)Second Generation (1956-1963)

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computersgeneration of computers

The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 but did The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50snot see widespread use in computers until the late 50s

Through the use of transistors the second generation Through the use of transistors the second generation computers were much faster and more reliable than the computers were much faster and more reliable than the first generation of computersfirst generation of computers

Second-generation computers moved from machine Second-generation computers moved from machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words allowed programmers to specify instructions in words


TransistorsTransistors

First Transistor

IBM-7094 ComputerIBM-7094 Computer

3.3. Third Generation (1964-1971)Third Generation (1964-1971)

The development of the integrated circuit was the The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computershallmark of the third generation of computers

An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small electronic An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material (transistor)device made out of a semiconductor material (transistor)

The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and MSI Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000 (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000 transistors)transistors)

The third generation computers were smaller, more The third generation computers were smaller, more efficient and more reliable than their predecessor wereefficient and more reliable than their predecessor were


Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuit

IBM-360 Third Generation ComputerIBM-360 Third Generation Computer

4.4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present)Fourth Generation (1971-Present)

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chiponto a single silicon chip

What in the first generation filled an entire room could What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the handnow fit in the palm of the hand

LSI LSI (large-scale integration):(large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chipelectronic components per chip

During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was developed and was followed by VLSI (Very Large Scale developed and was followed by VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000)Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000)

ULSI ULSI (ultra large-scale integration):(ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 More than 1 million electronic components per chipmillion electronic components per chip


First Microprocessor Intel 4004First Microprocessor Intel 4004

Fourth Generation First PCFourth Generation First PC

5.5. Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond)Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today, Expert System, Robots etc.being used today, Expert System, Robots etc.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organizationcapable of learning and self-organization


IntelligenceIntelligence the ability to learn and understand.the ability to learn and understand.

Artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence is the branch of computer science.is the branch of computer science.

AI AI is the study how to make computer to do things more is the study how to make computer to do things more and more better than human.and more better than human.

Expert systemExpert system is an intelligent computer program which consists of is an intelligent computer program which consists of

some knowledge about particular field, then using this some knowledge about particular field, then using this knowledge ,it provide the answer to those people who knowledge ,it provide the answer to those people who don’t have any access to the experts in that particular don’t have any access to the experts in that particular field.field.

Types of ComputerTypes of Computer

There are three basic types of computer according to There are three basic types of computer according to working mechanismworking mechanism

Analog Computer Analog Computer

Digital ComputerDigital Computer

Hybrid Computer Hybrid Computer

1.1. Analog ComputerAnalog Computer

Analog computer is used to process analog dataAnalog computer is used to process analog data Analog data is a continuous and having an Analog data is a continuous and having an

infinite variety of valuesinfinite variety of values Such type of data include temperature, Such type of data include temperature,

pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc.pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc. Examples of analog computer are Speedometer Examples of analog computer are Speedometer

of car, Thermometer etc.of car, Thermometer etc. Analog computers are fasterAnalog computers are faster

Types of Computer (Cont..)Types of Computer (Cont..)

2.2. Digital ComputerDigital Computer A digital computer as its name implies works A digital computer as its name implies works

with digits to represent numerals, letters or with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbolsother special symbols

A digital computer process digital dataA digital computer process digital data Digital data is a discrete data and having only Digital data is a discrete data and having only

two possible values (0, 1)two possible values (0, 1) Digital computer provide accurate results but Digital computer provide accurate results but

they are slower than analog computerthey are slower than analog computer Analog computers lack memory whereas Analog computers lack memory whereas

digital computers store informationdigital computers store information


3.3. Hybrid ComputerHybrid Computer A hybrid computer is a combination of digital A hybrid computer is a combination of digital

and analog computersand analog computers And it combines the best features of both types And it combines the best features of both types

of computersof computers For example a petrol pump contains a For example a petrol pump contains a

processor that converts fuel flow measurement processor that converts fuel flow measurement into quantity and priceinto quantity and price

Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patientmeasure the heartbeat of the patient

Hybrid Computers are also used in scientific Hybrid Computers are also used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial applications or in controlling industrial processesprocesses


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