introduction to cost accounting

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INTRODUCTION TO COST ACCOUNTING Dr. RR Karlina Aprilia Kusumadewi., SE., M.Sc., Ak., CA 2017

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Page 1: Introduction to cost accounting

INTRODUCTION TO COST ACCOUNTING

Dr. RR Karlina Aprilia Kusumadewi., SE., M.Sc., Ak., CA2017

Page 2: Introduction to cost accounting

PERTANYAAN 1

Jelaskan pengertian Akuntansi Biaya?

Jelaskan dimana letak Akuntansi Biaya dalam sebuah Perusahaan

Jelaskan Fungsi Akuntansi Biaya Bagi Perusahaan

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Cost management systemidentifies, collects, measures, classifies, and reports information that is useful to managers in costing (determining what something costs), planning, controlling, and decision making.

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Letak Akuntansi Biaya dalam sebuah Perusahaan

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PERTANYAAN 2:Jelaskan perbedaan:1. Sistem akuntansi biaya?2. Sistem Pengenalian

Operasi?PERTANYAAN 3:

3. Perbedaan sistem akuntansi biaya vs sistem Manajemen Biaya

4. Perbedaa Sistem Akutansi Keuangan vs Sistem Manajemen Biaya

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Perbedaan Operational, Cost, dan Cost ManagementCost accounting system

assigns costs to individual products and services and other cost objects as specified by management;

Operational control systemprovides accurate and timely feedback concerning performance; concerned with what activities should be performed and assessing those activities.

Cost Management systemsatisfies financial reporting and management decision-making needs

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FUNGSI AKUNTANSI BIAYA• Responsible for generating financial information required by the firm

for• Internal reporting• External reporting

• Accounting system information is used by management to• Plan• Control• Continuous Improvement• Make decisions

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PERTANYAAN 4

Jelaskan definisi Biaya dan berikan contoh?

Jelaskan Objek Biaya dan berikan contoh?

Jelaskan Biaya Opportunitas?

Jelaskan Klasifikasi Biaya berdasarkan:Produk, Waktu Pengakuan, Perilaku Biaya, Pembuatan Keputusan, dan Karakteristik Biaya secara Ekonomi

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• Cost is the cash or cash-equivalent value sacrificed for goods and services that is expected to bring a current or future benefit to the organization• A cost object is any item such as product, customer, project, activity &

so on, to which costs are measured and assigned• Opportunity cost is the benefit given up or sacrificed when one

alternative is chosen over another.”2

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1. Klasifikasi biaya berdasarkan ProdukBIAYA PABRIKASI:Biaya BahanBiaya Tenaga KerjaBiaya Overhead Pabrik (BOP)BIAYA KOMERSIAL:• Biaya Pemasaran• Biaya Administrasi dan Umum

Biaya Utama (Prime Cost)BB dan BTKLBiaya KonversiBOP

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2. Klasifikasi Biaya Menurut Waktu Pengakuan• Biaya Produk ( Product cost )• Biaya Periode ( Period cost )

3. Klasifikasi Biaya Menurut Volume Produksi• Biaya Variabel ( Variabel cost )• Biaya Tetap ( Fixed cost )• Biaya Semi Variabel

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4. Biaya berdasarkan klasifikasi Pembuatan Keputusan• Biaya Opportunitas

5 Biaya berdasarkan Klasifikasi Karakteristik Biaya secara Ekonomi• Sunk Cost

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PERTANYAAN 5Jelaskan Perilaku Biaya tetap, Biaya Variabel, Biaya Semi Variabel

Jelaskan Pembebanan Biaya?

Sebutkan dan berikan contoh metoda pembebanan Biaya?

Jelaskan perbedaan 4 dimensi pada produk dan jasa

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• Biaya Tetap adalah biaya yang secara total tidak berubah jumlahnya meskipun jumlah produksi berubah

• Biaya variabel adalah biaya yang bila dikaitkan dengan volume secara per unit akan selalu tetap meskipun volume produksi berubah-ubah,akan tetapi secara total biaya tersebut jumlahnya akan berubah sesuai dengan proporsi perubahan aktivitas.

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• Biaya semi variabel adalah biaya yang mengandung biaya tetap dan biaya variabel

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LATIHAN SOAL

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Cost assignment process• Cost Assignment is Cause & effect relationship when assigning costs

to cost objects

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COST ASSIGNMENT1. Direct tracing• Method of identifying

& assigning costs that are exclusively and physically associated with a cost object• Example: cost of

pizza & drink for lunch

2. Driver • tracingUsing

observable causal factors to measure resource consumption in assigning cost to a cost object• Example:

proportionate cost of shared lunch based on # slices of pizza and # of drinks consumed by each person

3. Allocation• Indirect costs have no

causal relationship with cost object• Indirect costs may or

may not be allocated to cost objects

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Dimensi Produk dan Jasa• Tangible products are goods produced by converting raw materials. • Services are intangible products• Services differ from products on 4 dimensions

1. Intangibility means that buyers of services cannot see, feel, hear, or taste a service before it is bought. Thus, services are intangible products.

2. Perishability means that services cannot be stored for future use by a consumer

3. Inseparability means that producers of services and buyers of services must usually be in direct contact for an exchange to take place.

4. Heterogeneity means that there is a greater chance of variation in the performance of services than in the production of products.

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PERTANYAAN 6Jelaskan perbedaan cost Driver vs Cost Behavior?

Jelaskan Hubungan cost Behavior dan Assignment Cost

Jelaskan Arus biaya sampai menghasilkan harga pokok produksi

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Perbedaan cost driver vs cost behaviour

Cost behavior is how the activities of an organization affect its costs.

A cost driver is a variable, such as the level of activity or volume that causally affectscosts over a given time span.

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Hubunga cost behavior dengan cost assignment

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PERTANYAAN 7Jelaskan perbedaan biaya untuk tujuan yang berbeda: Product costs Definition; Value Chain Product Costs; Operating Product Costs; Traditional Product Costs

Jelaskan Menghitung Harga Pokok Produksi dan Harga Pokok Penjualan

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Perbedaan biaya untuk tujuan yang berbeda

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LATIHAN SOAL

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PT JohsonLaporan Harga Pokok Produksi

Untuk periode tahun yang berakhir 2015BAHAN BAKU LANGSUNG Persediaan awal Rp 29,360,000 Pembelian bahan Rp 130,000,000 Potongan pembelian Rp 5,000,000 Retur Pembelian Rp 8,500,000 Bahan baku yang tersedia Rp 145,860,000 Persediaan akhir Rp 23,360,000 Bahan baku langsung yang terpakai Rp 122,500,000 TENAGA KERJA LANGSUNG ternaga kerja langsung Rp 75,000,000 BIAYA OVERHEAD Biaya angkut bahan baku 19000000 Tenaga kerja tidak langsung 17860000 sewa bangunan pabrik depresiasi peralatan pabrik 28400000 Depresiasi peralatan pabrik 16380000 Utilitas Pabrik 24960000 Total biaya overhead pabrik Rp 106,600,000 Barang jadi dalam proses awal Rp 26,080,000 Total biaya manufaktur Rp 330,180,000 Barang jadi dalam proses akhir Rp 29,992,000 Harga Pokok Produksi Rp 300,188,000

PT JOHSONLaporan Laba Rugi

untuk tahun yang berakhir 2015Penjualan Rp 760,000,000 Barang jadi awal Rp 70,813,200 Harga Pokok Produksi Rp 300,188,000 Barang jadi tersedia untuk dijual Rp 371,001,200 Barang jadi akhir Rp 94,417,600 Harga Pokok Penjualan Rp 276,583,600 Margin laba Rp 483,416,400 BIAYA PENJUALAN Gaji supervisor penjualan Rp 18,000,000 Komisi penjualan Rp 36,000,000 Total Biaya Penjualan Rp 54,000,000 BIAYA ADMINISTRASI Tenaga kerja administrasi 20140000 Utilitas administrasi 27040000 Administrasi umum 60000000 Depresiasi kendaraan adm 25620000 Sewa bangunan adm 11600000 Total Biaya Administrasi Rp 144,400,000 Laba bersih sebelum pajak Rp 285,016,400

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PERTANYAAN 8Jelaskan perbedaan Functioanl Based Management vs Activity Based Management

Jelaskan Kelemahan FBM

Jelaskan Kelebihan ABM

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FBM

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ABM

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• Kelemahan FBM adalah• Hanya menggunakan driver yang berhubungan dengan fungsi

produksi untuk membebankan biaya• Kinerja manajer diukur dengan pengukuran keuangan, dan tidak

menggunakan pengukuran non-keuangan• Hanya menekankan pada pelaporan eksternal yaitu untuk biaya

persediaan dan biaya harga pokok penjualan. Informasi value chain dan biaya operasi tidak tersedia

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Tujuan ABM adalah• Memperbaiki keakuratan pembiayaan produk• Memperbaiki pengambilan keputusan• Meningkatkan perencanaan strategis• Meningkatkan kemampua yang lebih baik dalam mengelola aktivitas