introduction to crystals symmetryn.ethz.ch/~nielssi/download/4. semester/ac ii/unterlagen...• the...
TRANSCRIPT
Outlook
• Symmetry elements in 3D: rotoinversion, screw axes
• Combining symmetry elements with the lattice
• Space group symbols/representation
• Wyckoff positions
• Crystallographic conventions
• Symmetry in crystal systems
5/1/2013 2 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Definitions - a remainder
• Unit cell: The smallest volume that can generate the entire crystal structure only by means of translation in three dimensions.
• Lattice: A rule of translation.
5/1/2013 3 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Bravais lattice
Basis/ Motif +
Crystal structure
1. single atom: Au, Al, Cu, Pt 2. molecule: solidCH4 3. ion pairs: Na+/Cl- 4. atom pairs: Carbon, Si, Ge
1. FCC 2. FCC 3. Rock salt 4. diamond
•A crystal system is described only in terms of the unit cell geometry, i.e. cubic, tetragonal, etc •A crystal structure is described by both the geometry of, and atomic arrangements within, the unit cell, i.e. face centered cubic, body centered cubic, etc.
+
5/1/2013 4 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
From 2D to 3D
• Bravais lattices may be seen as build up layers of the five plane lattices:
cubic and tetragonal stacking of square lattice layers
orthorhombic P and I stacking of rectangular layers
orthorhombic C and F stacking of rectangular centered layers
rhombohedral stacking of hexagonal layers
hexagonal stacking of hexagonal layers
monoclinic stacking of oblique layers
triclinic stacking of oblique layers
5/1/2013 6 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Combining symmetry elements
For two dimensions
– 5 lattices
– 10 point groups
– 17 plane groups
For three dimensions
– 14 Bravais lattices
– 32 point groups
– 230 space groups
5/1/2013 7 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
• Symmetry operations in 2D*: 1. translation
2. rotations
3. reflections
4. glide reflections
• Symmetry operations in 3D: the same as in 2D
+
inversion center, rotoinversions and screw axes
* Besides identity
5/1/2013 8 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Symmetry elements in 3D
• In three dimensions we have additional symmetry operators:
1. inversion center = symmetry center
2. inversion axis = rotoinversion or improper rotation axis
3. screw axes
• In addition, the mirror line becomes a mirror plane, and the glides become glide planes.
5/1/2013 9 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
1. The center of symmetry/inversion center
• The symmetry center: the intersection point of a mirror plane and a 2-fold axis
1Symbol: “one bar”; Graphical:
),,( zyx(x,y,z)
Inversion center
• It is always present in one of the situations:
P2/m 3P
5/1/2013 10 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
if an inversion axis with odd multiplicity is present
a rotation axis with even multiplicity and a reflection to it is present
• An inversion center requires a 2-fold axis and a mirror plane to it.
• Therefore, an even rotation with a reflection perpendicular to it will give an inversion center.
A 1 2
3
i
1 has the coordinates (x y z)
2 has the coordinates ( )
3 has the coordinates ( )
zyx
zyx
A= inversion, 1
*The order of the operation is not important
321 180 reflectionbyrotation
inversion
5/1/2013 11 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
• The point groups that contain an inversion center are called Laue groups.
• If you take away the translational part of the space group symmetry and add an inversion center, you end up with the Laue group.
• The Laue groups are used in diffraction: describe the symmetry of the diffraction pattern.
5/1/2013 12 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Centrosymmetric structures
• If an inversion center is present then the structure is centrosymmetric
• In a centrosymmetric structure, the unit cell is chosen so that the origin lays on the inversion center
82% of inorganic crystals are centrosymmetric because Inversion center leads to equal forces in opposing directions favoring stability
• In a non-centrosymmetric space group, the origin is chosen at a highest symmetry point.
5/1/2013 14 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
George M. Sheldrick.
32 point groups
11 centrosymmetric point group +
432 class*
20 non-centrosymmetric point groups:
piezoelectrics
10 point groups with no unique
polar axis
10 point groups with unique polar axis:
Pyroelectric + ferroelectrics
• Polar direction = a crystal direction that is not related by symmetry to the opposed direction
*432 class has a polar axis but no piezoelectricity
5/1/2013 15 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Space groups and enantiomorphous molecules
Klockmanns Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, 16. Auflage, Enke VerlagStuttgart 1978
Enantiomorphous molecules crystallise in space groups without inversion centre , i, and without reflection planes, m. Altogether there are 11 Point groups possible for enantiomorphous molecules. (“Biological Point Groups”)
Enantiomorphous crystals of tartaric acid (monoclinic structure, space group P21)
The most common chiral space groups are P212121, P21, P1 and C2221.
15% of all crystals are enantiomorphic and potentially optically active 5/1/2013 16 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
2. Axes of inversion/rotoinversion
• Rotation + center of symmetry = inversion axis, , pronounced n bar
• It is also called improper rotation axes (Schoenflies symbols, Sn)
• Two objects related by an operation of inversion axis are enantiomorphous
n
m21. 2.
3.
m
4.
atom inversion
axis 180ᵒ
6
4
3
2
1
m
Symbol/graphic
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144,133 if Therefore 4 bar is a distinct operation
Spinoid (like a squashed Td)
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The rotation is combined with a translation in a defined crystallographic direction by a defined step (half a unit cell for twofold screw axes, a third of a unit cell for threefold screw axes, etc
counter clockwise rotation with 360ᵒ/n
Translation with m/n (m<n)
+
Srew axis nm
Rotation + Translation in axial direction
3. Screw axes: nm
c. Hammond, the basics of crystallography and diffraction
5/1/2013 19 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
3. Screw axes: nm
(Fig. 140) Inorganic structural chemistry, U. Mueller
Rotation + Translation in axial direction:
Not shown
21: ½ displacement on c
31: 1/3 displacemnt on c; 32: 2/3 displacement on c;
41: ¼ displacemnt on c; 42 2/4 = ½ displacement on c; 43: ¾ displacement on c
61: 1/6 displacement on c; 62: 2/6= 1/3 displacement on c; 63: 3/6= ½ displacement on c, etc
5/1/2013 20 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Screw axis of order 3: 31; 32 31
rotation by a 3-fold axis and then translation by 1/3
T
T is translation periodicity Is translation component = 1/3
Red color is used only to show the objects obtained by translation periodicity
32 rotation by a 3-fold axis and
then translation by 2/3
5/1/2013 21 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Screw axis of order 3: 31; 32 31
rotation by a 3-fold axis and then translation by 1/3
T
32 rotation by a 3-fold axis and
then translation by 2/3
31 gives an anticlockwise spiral 32 gives a clockwise spiral
5/1/2013 22 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
T
42
T
41
T
43
41 gives an anticlockwise spiral
43 gives a clockwise spiral Color is used only to show the objects
obtained by translation periodicity; otherwise the color represent the same motif 5/1/2013 23 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
T
42
42 gives two motifs at every level and they are 180
away from each other
42 gives two spirals - one left handed (anticlockwise)
and one right handed (clockwise) – in the same
pattern
5/1/2013 24 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Quartz symmetry
View along c axis
P3121 and P3221 P6221 and P6421
- quartz (hexagonal) - quartz (trigonal) C573
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Glide planes in Space Groups
• In 2D the gliding (translation) is in the direction of the dashes:
1
g2 g1 2 3
• In 3D we can look at a glide from 4 different directions:
Down from the top (1)
Edge on and to the gliding direction (2)
Edge on and to the gliding direction (3)
Edge on and in between normal to and parallel to the gliding direction (4)
* - gliding direction
*
(2) (4)
(3)
(1)
5/1/2013 26 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
(1) Looking down from top of a glide use or or
a glide
b
a
a
= ½ of a axis
b glide
= ½ (a+b) axis
b
a
= ½ of b axis
n glide = diagonal glide
b
a
Ex: n-glide
c glide is represented in plane as well and the translation is ½ of c axis 5/1/2013 27 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
(2) Looking normal to the gliding direction use a dashed line
a
b
(3) Looking in the direction of gliding use a dotted line
a
b
(4) Looking not parallel not perpendicular to the direction of gliding use a mixed line
a
b
Ex: b glide
Ex: b glide
Ex: b glide
5/1/2013 28 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
• Found in centered cells only (not in primitive lattices)
• It originates from the diamond structure where the diamond glide has been first observed.
• The translation is ½ of the ½(a+b) axis
d-glide = diamond glide
a+b
½ (a+b)
½ (½ (a+b))
5/1/2013 29 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Graphical symbols for symmetry elements
Massa, Werner. Crystal Structure Determination
motif in a general position in the plane
motif at arbitrary height above the plane
Enantiomorph of motif in the plane
Enantiomorph of motif at arbitrary height
above the plane
+
+
Equivalent position diagrams:
Yellow box: Rotation and inversion axes Blue box: screw axes Green box: inversion center Red box: glide planes Cyan box: mirror planes
n - diagonal glide d- diamond glide in centered cells only
* = axis in the plane; # = glide in the screen plane; & = perpendicular to the screen plane
either of the two directions one direction only 5/1/2013 30 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Direction of the 2-fold rotation axes when looked at by the side
Direction of the 2-fold screw axes when looked at by the side
Only 2-fold rotations and 2-fold screw axes are shown graphically!
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Combining symmetry operations in 3D 1. Combining rotations Two crystallographic rotations (1-,2-, 3-, 4- and 6-fold) at an intersection point will give a 3rd rotation which must be crystallographic (1-,2-, 3-, 4- and 6-fold).
B A = C
A
C B
1
2
3
11 axial combinations: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 222, 322, 422, 622 (dihedral 23, 432 (in Schoenfliess notation 23 is the Td and 432 is the Oh)
Euller constrictions in 3D: there are 11 combinations for the crystallographic rotations
321 BbyrotationAbyrotation
Rotation by C
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32 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
3. A rotation and reflection in 3D
1A=2
A rotation, , followed by a reflection with a mirror parallel to it and at an angle half of the rotation angle, /2, gives another reflection.
2mm
A
1
If the mirror is perpendicular to the rotation, it does not create another reflection! In this case the resulted point group is labeled 2/m
Ex: 2-fold rotation + reflection
*The two mirrors will contain the rotation
2
5/1/2013 33 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
A= inversion,
1 has the coordinates (x y z)
2 has the coordinates ( )
3 has the coordinates ( )
zyx
zyx
1
A 1 2
3
A 1 2
3
m
2
(inversion, mirror, 2-fold identity)
A rotation followed by a reflection with a mirror perpendicular to it gives an inversion.
321 reflectionrotation
Inversion
5/1/2013 34 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Crystallographic Conventions: unit cell and unique axes
• Unit cell: Right handed system a, b, c, α, β, γ
• Unique axis: the direction with highest rotation symmetry
The monoclinic angle is β with β≥ 90°. This makes b the unique axis in the monoclinic system
In the tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal systems, c is the unique axis.
5/1/2013 35 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Symmetry directions • How the symmetry elements are oriented with respect to the axes of
the unit cell, a, b and c ( the places in the Hermann-Mauguin symbol for point group)
Crystal system Order of direction
Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Trigonal Hexagonal cubic
- b a, b, c c, a c, a c, a c
P2/m P2
Ex: monoclinic
5/1/2013 36 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
[100] – Axis or plane to the x-axis .
[010] – Axis or plane to the y-axis.
[001] – Axis or plane to the z-axis.
[110] – Axis or plane to the line running at 45° to the x and y axes (face diagonal).
[120] – Axis or plane to the line running on the a or on the b axis in the hexagonal cell.
[111] – Axis parallel or plane perpendicular to the body diagonal.
Crystal System Symmetry Direction
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Triclinic None
Monoclinic [010] b
Orthorhombic [100] a [010] b [001] c
Tetragonal [001] c [100]/[010] a/b [110]
Hexagonal/Trigonal [001] c [100]/[010] a/b [120]
Cubic [100]/[010]/[001] a/b/c [111] [110]
5/1/2013 37 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Space group symbol rules/meaning 1. First letter: P, A, B, C, F, I or R translation symmetry + type of centering
ex: P 4mmm; C mm2; F mmm
2. The orientation of the symmetry elements: to coordinate system x, y and z.
The highest multiplicity axis or if only one symmetry axis present they are on z
Ex: P 21/c: 21 axis in the z direction
If highest multiplicity axis is 2-fold the sequence is x-y-z
ex: Cmm2: 2-fold axis on z; or Cm2m the2-fold axis on y
The highest symmetry axis is mentioned first
ex: I 4/mcm: 4-fold axis on z and two 2-fold axes on a and b
3. An inversion center is mentioned only if it is the only symmetry element
ex:
4. A reflection plane to a symmetry axis is designated by a fraction bar ”/”
ex: P 2/mmm: mirror palne on 2-fold axis exception m to odd rotation axis: 3/m 6 the inversion axis used instead
1P
5/1/2013 38 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Triclinic system
11 PandP
No symmetry elements or only inversion center present:
a
b
a
b
Note: the projection of objects in an oblique lattice should be made parallel with the translation otherwise the number of the obtained points will be different from the number of lattice points.
5/1/2013 39 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
We consider two unit cells with one lattice point inside the cell (primitive) stacked on top of each other
The projection of the atoms into the basal plane makes the lattice points be different from a primitive cell.
c
a
b
c
a
b
The projection of the atoms into the basal plane gives one point in agreement with a primitive cell.
Projecting Projecting
5/1/2013 40 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
We consider two unit cells with one lattice point inside the cell (primitive) stacked on top of each other
The projection of the atoms into the basal plane makes the lattice points be different from a primitive cell.
c
a
b
c
a
b
The projection of the atoms into the basal plane gives one point in agreement with a primitive cell.
Projecting Projecting
5/1/2013 41 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
In a monoclinic system there are possible two settings
1. c is to the (ab) plane and the angle , between a and b, the general angle
2. b is to the (ca) plane and the angle , between c and a, is general angle
90
90
a
b
c
1st setting
90
90
c
a
b
2nd setting
Monoclinic System
the unique axis (either b or c) the 2-fold axis parallel to it and/or the mirror plane to it;
5/1/2013 42 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Monoclinic space group P 2 1st setting: Unique axis c
o b
a
o c
ap
o a
c
o b
cp
2nd setting: Unique axis b
c is the direction of 2-fold axis (c (ab)) b is the direction of 2-fold axis (b(ac))
The direction of the 2-fold axis when looking on the side (an arrow is the symbol for a 2-fold axis along on the page)
and
This is the symbol for the 2-fold axis to the plane
5/1/2013 43 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
P2 – unique axis c
Atoms at + z (the atom in the cell gives the atom outside by rotation with a 2-
fold axis)
5/1/2013 44 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Space group Pm: unique axis c (mirror c)
Mirror plane viewed directly from above (the drawn plane is the mirror plane)
‘ + - , Two atoms superimposed in projection: one at +z and one to –z The right side of the symbol says that the atom is at +z The left side of the symbol says that an enantiomorph sits at -z
Above view
Side view-along the c axis (parallel to the mirror plane)
Side view : to the mirror plane
5/1/2013 45 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Monoclinic System Either a two fold axis (2) or a mirror plane (m) or both (2/m) • 2implies that the 2-fold axis is parallel to the unique axis (b or c depending on
the setting) • m implies a mirror plane to the unique axis It can also have glide planes or screw axis (i.e. Cc, P2, P21/n
2 (P 2) 2-fold axis to b 2/m (P 2/m) [unique axis c] 2/m = reflection plane to the 2-fold axis
The reflection plane is to the paper/figure Inversion center because we have a 2-fold and a mirror plane
b axis to the plane*
b axis to the plane*
*Please note the a, b, and c axes labeling: in the left the b axis is to the plane in the right, the b axis is to the plane
2-fold axis to c ( to the plane)*
2-fold axis to c ( to the plane)*
5/1/2013 46 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Unconventional Lattices
Monoclinic A (B or C ), can always be transformed into monoclinic P (red cell), with
half the unit cell volume.
That is why the list of the 14 Bravais lattices does not include monoclinic B nor monoclinic I nor several other unconventional lattices.
Monoclinic I, can always be transformed into monoclinic B (A or C) -dashed cell, with the same unit cell volume
a b
c
5/1/2013 47 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
What information is included in the space group C2/m?
C- side centered cell 2/m – 2-fold axis along b and mirror plane to it (or on b axis)
Ex: Na0.5CoO2 – monoclinic structure in space group C2/m with
a = 4.9043(2), b = 2.8275(1), c = 5.7097(3) and = 106.052(3)
5/1/2013 48 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Orthorhombic system
m m 2 (P m m 2)
three 2-fold axes parallel to the cell edge three mirror planes parallel to the faces
The symmetry elements are along all three directions, a, b and c
(i.e. Pnma, Cmc21, Pnc2)
In an orthorhombic symmetry no direction is special than any other.
The magnitude of the translations is:
cab 5/1/2013 49 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Space group symbol for orthorhombic
cplane
caxis
bplane
baxis
aplane
aaxis
Symbol for the lattice type
•If there is a 2-fold and a 2-fold screw symmetry along the same axis, the 2-fold is preferred in the symbol •If there are more mirror planes perpendicular to the same axis, the preferred order is m>a>b>c>n>d
5/1/2013 50 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
What information is included in the space group symbol Pna21?
P primitive lattice 21 orthorhombic system with screw axis 21 along (parallel) c n diagonal glide plane on a (moves the motif ½ of the diagonal of b and c) a axial glide plane on b (moves the motif ½ a - to a)
Ex: LiB3O5
5/1/2013 51 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Tetragonal symbol
• 1st the 4-fold symmetry along c direction
• 2nd symmetry element along a (which must apply to b as well)
• 3rd symmetry element along the a,b diagonal
4/mmm
4/m m m (P 4/m m m)
The primary symmetry symbol will always be either 4, (-4), 41, 42 or 43 (i.e.P41212, I4/m, P4/mcc)
5/1/2013 52 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
What information is included in the space group symbol I41cd?
I body centered lattice 41 tetragonal system with screw axis 41 along (parallel) c c glide plane on a and b because a = b (moves the motif ½ c - to c) d diamond glide plane on [110] direction (the diagonal of xy plane)
5/1/2013 53 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
What information is included in the space group symbol P4mm?
P primitive lattice 4 tetragonal system with 4-fold axis to c m mirror plane on a and b m mirror plane on the ab diagonal [110]
Ex: PuS2
5/1/2013 54 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Trigonal and hexagonal systems
• 1st the symmetry element along c direction:
- 3-fold axes (rotation and screw axis) in trigonal
i.e P31m, R3, R3c, P312)
- 6-fold axes in hexagonal (i.e. P6mm, P63/mcm)
• 2nd symmetry element with respect to a/b (a = b)
• 3rd symmetry element with respect to a, b diagonal (s)
Trigonal Hexagonal
3 (P 3) )13(13 mPm 6 m m (P 6 m m) 5/1/2013 55 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
1/3, 2/3)
2/3, 1/3)
For trigonal lattice there are two possibilities: 1. The third translation to a1 and a2 2. The third translation inclined so that the projection falls either on (1/3, 2/3) or (2/3,
1/3). The two situations are actually the same
Rhombohedral lattice
The “double body centered cell” is then described by a primitive cell taking as one base the point at 2/3, 1/3, 1/3 and the points at the corner of the triangle of which the point is related
(2/3, 1/3, 1/3)
(1/3, 2/3, 2/3) Hexagonal/trigonal lattice
5/1/2013 56 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
3
1
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
The rhombohedral R cell expressed in hexagonal axes
one hexagonal cell three hexagonal cells with additional nodes
Rhombohedral R cell (red) inscribed in hexagonal
The hexagonal cell is three times larger than the rhombohedral and has additional nodes at ),,(),,( 3
23
23
13
13
13
2 and 57 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
The relation between rhombohedral R cell (brown) and hexagonal cell (black)
Rhombohedral R cell (brown) inscribed in an F-centered cubic cell (black)
Blue - the rhombohedron projection on ab plane of the hexagonal cell
In the rhombohedral (R) lattice, the first character (3 or 3 bar) denotes the unique space diagonal of the cell and the next defines the directions that are perpendicular to the 3-fold axis.
5/1/2013 58 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
• 1st symmetry element along c direction (either a 2-fold axis or a 4-fold axis parallel to, and/or a plane to, c direction)
• 2nd 3-fold axis or 3-fold inversion axis along the body diagonals
• 3rd symmetry element along the face diagonals (either 2-fold axis parallel to, or mirror plane to, the face diagonals)
mmmm 3/23/4
4/m m in cubic symmetry because the four 3-fold axes and the nine mirror planes automatically generates the three 4-fold axes, six 2-fold axes and a center of symmetry
The secondary symmetry symbol will always be either 3 or –3 (i.e. Ia3, Pm3m, Fd3m)
Cubic System
Isometric system = the translations are identical in all 3
directions (a=b=c)
the direction of the 4-fold axis is always along the edge of the unit cell
5/1/2013 59 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Cubic symmetry: axes
4 fold rotation axes
(passing through
pairs of opposite
face centres,
parallel to cell axes)
TOTAL = 3
3-fold rotation axes
(passing through cube
body diagonals)
TOTAL = 4
2-fold rotation axes
(passing through
diagonal edge centers)
TOTAL = 6
5/1/2013 60 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
3 equivalent planes in a cube
6 equivalent
planes in a cube
Cubic symmetry: planes
5/1/2013 61 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
- F: face centered cubic - m: mirror ( 4/m) on c axis - 3: 3-fold rotoinversion on the body diagonal - m: mirrors on the face diagonal
What information is included in the space group Fm3m?
Ex: NaCl
5/1/2013 62 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Essential Symmetry
System Essential Symmetry Symmetry axes
Cubic four 3-fold axes along the body diagonals
Tetragonal one 4-fold axis parallel to c, in the centre of ab
Orthorhombic three mirrors or three 2-fold axes
perpendicular to each other
Hexagonal one 6-fold axis down c
Trigonal (R) one 3-fold axis down the long diagonal
Monoclinic one 2-fold axis down the “unique” axis
Triclinic no symmetry
Essential symmetry is that which defines the crystal system (i.e. is unique to that shape).
5/1/2013 63 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Herman Mauguin symbol
Long notation •C 1 2/m 1 •P 21 21 2 •P 2/m 2/n 21/a •I 41/a 2/m 2/d •P 63/m 2/m 2/c •F 4/m (-3) 2/m
Short notation •C2/m •P21212 •Pmna •I41/amd •P63/mmc •Fm(-3)m
Rotation/screw axes + mirror/glide planes to them
Only mirror/glide planes (in their absence rotation/screw axes)*
*In monoclinic, tetragonal and hexagonal both rotation/screw axis and the mirror/glide plane for the primary direction only is retained in the short H.M. symbol!
5/1/2013 64 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Occurrence of crystal systems
Inorganic materials Organic materials
1. Cubic 2. Orthorhombic 3. Monoclinic
1. Monoclinic 2. Orthorhombic 3. Tetragonal 4. triclinic
5/1/2013 65 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Reduction in symmetry
Cubic Tetragonal
Three 4-fold axes One 4-fold axis
Four 3-fold axes No 3-fold axes
Six 2-fold axes Two 2-fold axes
Nine mirrors Five mirrors
5/1/2013 66 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
cubic (1) tetragonal (2) distortion goes with an off-centre displacement of Ti4+
and the dipoles are pointing along c axis tetragonal BaTiO3 is ferroelectric
BaTiO3 (1) At temp. >120ᵒC : cubic perovskite structure (a=4.018Å) (2) At temp.< 120ᵒC : tetragonal structure (a=3.997Å, c=4.031 Å)
(1) (2)
c
Views on the [100] direction = a axis
5/1/2013 67 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
crystal structure phase I: cubic, space group –Pm3m (paraelectric phase) phase II: tetragonal, space group – P4mm (ferroelectrical phase) phase III: orthorhombic, space group – Bmm2 (ferroelectric phase) phase IV: rhombohedral, space group – R3m (ferroelectric phase)
Changing the symmetry it changes the properties
KNbO3
tetragonal cubic hexagonal
435ᵒC 225ᵒC -10ᵒC
orthorhombic
cooling
tetragonal cubic rhombohedral
120ᵒC 5ᵒC -90ᵒC
orthorhombic
cooling
BaTiO3
5/1/2013 68 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
General and special positions: Wyckoff positions
General position = no symmetry elements lying on it
the number of points in general position = the number of symmetry operations
Special position = symmetry element(s) lying on the position point
Ex: space group Pm: monoclinic with two mirror planes on b axis
Multiplicity Wyckoff Letter
Site Symmetry
Coordinates
2 c 1 (1) x,y,z (2) x,-y,z
1 b m x, ½ , z
1 a m x,0,z
Alphabetic order from bottom up (no physical meaning
Number of created
positions by symmetry
½
b
a
o
5/1/2013 69 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Generating crystal structure from crystallographic description
SrTiO3
Space group: ; a = 3.90 Å mPm3
Atom Wyckoff
sites Symmetry x y z
Ti 1a 0 0 0
Sr 1b 0.5 0.5 0.5
O 3d 4/m m m 0.5 0 0
mm3
mm3
5/1/2013 70 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Generating crystal structure from crystallographic description
SrTiO3
Space group: ; a = 3.90 Å mPm3
Atom Wyckoff
sites Symmetry x y z
Ti 1a 0 0 0
Sr 1b 0.5 0.5 0.5
O 3d 4/m m m 0.5 0 0
mm3
mm3
O: 0.5 0 0; 0 0.5 0; and 0 0 0.5
Z=1
5/1/2013 71 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Example of crystal with P4mm: PuS2
Lattice parameters: a = b = 3.943Å; c = 7.962Å
Multiplicity And
Wyckoff letter
Atom Site Symmetry
Coordinates
x y z
1a Pu1 4mm 0 0 0
1b Pu2 4mm ½ ½ 0.464
1a S1 4mm 0 0 0.367
1b S2 4mm ½ ½ 0.097
2c S3 2mm ½ 0 0.732
Coordinates
2c 2mm ( ½ , 0, z) and (0, ½ z)
5/1/2013 72 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Crystal structure of PuS2
S2 ( ½ , ½ 0.097)
S1 (0, 0, 0.367)
S2 ( ½ , 0, 0.732)
0, 0.367,1 0.732
0.097, ½
5/1/2013 74 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Atom Wyckoff position
x y z Occ
Co 2a 0 0 0 1
Na 4i 0.806(2) 0 0.491(2) 0.25
O 4i 0.3871(3) 0 0.1740(4) 1
What information is included in the space group C2/m?
C- side centered cell 2/m – 2-fold axis along b and mirror plane to it (or on b axis)
Ex: Na0.5CoO2 – monoclinic structure in space group C2/m with
a = 4.9043(2), b = 2.8275(1), c = 5.7097(3) and = 106.052(3)
Coordinates
(0,0,0) + (1/2,1/2,0) +
4i m (x,0,z) and (-x, 0, -z) 5/1/2013 75 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D
Generating crystal structure of NaCl
NaCl: unit cell, a = 5.652Å; space group Fm3m
Multiplicity And
Wyckoff letter
Atom Site Symmetry
Coordinates
x y z
4a Cl m-3m 0 0 0
4b Na m-3m ½ ½ ½
5/1/2013 77 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 3D