introduction to electric energy systems fall 2014 mark patterson tth 4:30-5:45, kl-351g

Introduction to Electric Energy Systems Fall 2014 Mark Patterson TTh 4:30-5:45, KL-351G

Todays Quote: You only get out of this class what you put into it. Whoever sows generously will also reap generously. 2 Corinthians 9:6

ECE 316 Grading Homework & Quizzes30 % Exam 120 % Research Paper & Presentation10 % Exam 220 % Final Exam 20 %

Textbook Electric Energy, 3rd ed. Mohamed El-Sharkawi CRC Press 2013 ISBN 978-1-4665-0303-8

What is this class all about? Energy Generation Hydroelectric Fossil Fuel Nuclear Alternative Energy Storage Energy Transmission Energy Conversion AC AC AC DC DC AC DC DC Energy Usage

World Energy Total energy consumption is increasing. Total energy supply is currently inadequate and expected to be insufficient. Global warming might be a problem. Dwindling resources and political instability. New strategies are needed locally and globally.

World Energy: Production Driven by massive investment in shale and other tight formations, the US saw the worlds largest increase in oil production last year, offsetting the numerous disruptions seen elsewhere and keeping prices stable. Indeed, the US increase in 2013 was one of the biggest oil production increases the world has ever seen. Average oil prices exceeded $100 per barrel for a third consecutive year, despite massive supply growth in the US. Coal was the fastest-growing fossil fuel, with China and India combined accounting for 88% of global growth.

World Energy: Consumption The year 2013 saw an acceleration in the growth of global energy consumption, despite a stagnant global economy. Emerging economies (India and China) nonetheless continue to dominate global energy demand, accounting for 80% of growth last year and nearly 100% of growth over the past decade. Gas consumption growth was below average in all regions except North America, which continues to enjoy the cheapest prices among international markets.

World Energy: Consumption Energy consumption growth was below average everywhere except North America. EU consumption continued to decline, hitting the lowest level since 1995 (despite economic growth of 35% over this period). Oil remains the worlds leading fuel, with 32.9% of global energy consumption, but it also continued to lose market share for the fourteenth consecutive year.

World Energy: Nuclear Global nuclear output grew by 0.9%, the first increase since 2010. Increases in the US, China and Canada were partly offset by declines in South Korea, Ukraine, Spain and Russia. Japanese output fell by 18.6% and has fallen by 95% since 2010. Nuclear output accounted for 4.4% of global energy consumption, the smallest share since 1984.

World Energy: Hydroelectric Global hydroelectric output grew by a below average 2.9%. Led by China and India, the Asia-Pacific region accounted for 78% of global growth. Drought conditions reduced output in Brazil by 7% and in Finland, Norway and Sweden by a combined 14.5%. Hydroelectric output accounted for 6.7% of global energy consumption.

World Energy: Renewables Renewables now account for more than 5% of global power output and nearly 3% of primary energy consumption. Renewable energy sources in power generation as well as transport continued to increase in 2013, reaching a record 2.7% of global energy consumption, up from 0.8% a decade ago. Renewable energy used in power generation grew by 16.3% and accounted for a record 5.3% of global power generation. China recorded the largest incremental growth in renewables, followed by the US, while growth in Europes leading players Germany, Spain and Italy was below average.

World Energy: Renewables Globally, wind energy (+20.7%) once again accounted for more than half of renewable power generation growth and solar power generation grew even more rapidly (+33%), but from a smaller base. Global biofuels production grew by a below-average 6.1% (80,000 b/doe), driven by increases in the two largest producers: Brazil (+16.8%) and the US (+4.6%).

The History of Electricity Many people have contributed to the discovery of electricity and all of its behaviors. Since 600 BC man has been in awe of the power of electrons. The following slides show some of the major contributors to our understanding of electricity today.

Thales of Miletus (600 BC) Discovers static electricity via experiments with Amber (fossilized resin) and wool or fur. Believed that the world started with water. Hypothesizes that the mechanism by which particles influenced one another had to do with stuff being alive, and related to the divine. That from which is everything that exists and from which it first becomes and into which it is rendered at last, its substance remaining under it, but transforming in qualities, that they say is the element and principle of things that are.

William Gilbert (1544-1603) Astronomer who followed Copernicus. First scientific study of electricity and magnetism. Uses term electricus (like amber) to refer to to static electricity. Also studied the earths magnetic field. A unit of magnetomotive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named the Gilbert in his honor.

Isaac Newton(1642-1727) Laid the foundations for classical mechanics Helped invent calculus Several contributions to optics Refraction of light Albert Einstein kept a picture of Newton on his study wall alongside ones of Michael Faraday and James Maxwell

Charles de Coulomb (1736-1806) It follows therefore from these three tests, that the repulsive force that the two balls [which were] electrified with the same kind of electricity exert on each other, follows the inverse proportion of the square of the distance. Coulombs law: F = k e q 1 q 2 /r 2 1 Coulomb (charge)

James Watt (1736-1819) Improved the steam engine by condensing the steam outside of the engine. Watt = Unit of power Power = Work performed (Joules) per unit time Power = Voltage * Current is analogous to Potential * Flow Pretty practical guy (First engineer).

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) Study of galvanism leading to the first battery. Developed the first electrochemical battery made with zinc and copper with an electrolyte of sulfuric acid. The Volt: Potential to produce sparks

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836) First mathematician to explain relationship between electricity and magnetism. Amperes law = Ampere: 1 Amphere = 1 Coulomb / sec

Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) First reported discovery of electromagnetic force created by electric current. Basis for design of electromechanical devices. Oersted: Unit of magnetic field intensity.

Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) German high school teacher Working with Voltas battery, found the relationship between voltage, current and the amount of wire (resistance).

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Demonstrated the relationships between current, magnetic fields, and force. (Electromagmetics) Produced the first rotating electric machine (motor). Basis for AC motor eventually Faradays Law Induction was independently discovered by Henry and Faraday in 1831. Farad

Hippolyte Pixii (1808-1835) Italian who created the first (hand crank) generator/dynamo. Essentially invented the AC generator, and then the DC generator by using a commutator.

James Maxwell(1831-1879) Made a consistent set of Electromagnetic equations based off of Faradays work Formulated the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light Predicted radio waves Laid the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics

Antonio Pacinotti (1841-1912) Italian who developed the first AC transformer. Improved the DC generator (dynamo). Found that it could be used as a motor.

George Westinghouse (1846-1914) Businessman/scientist Developed the AC system, based mostly on others scientific work Buys Teslas AC motor patent and Tesla One researcher (Pope) electrocuted by HV AC First AC generation, transmission, distribution, induction motor systems Great Barrington, MA Pittsburgh, Niagara falls

Thomas Edison (1847-1931) The 1st commercial incandescent bulb Mass-market electricity Pearl Street Station, NY Argues for DC (safety, low voltages) 1093 patents (1.5/month) Distributed generation, telegraph and telephone, lightbulb, alkaline storage battery, generator, silent movie, motion picture camera, loudspeaker, microphone, etc.

John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) Invented the vacuum tube diode, later called the kenotron in 1904. Invented left hand rule for electric motors. He was the first professor of Electrical Engineering. Consulted for Marconi and Edison. Created power factor to describe true power flowing in an AC circuit.

Nicholai Tesla (1856-1943) Did his own research (less business- minded than Edison) Worked at Menlo AC (induction) motor, hydro-power plant, fluorescent lights, improved Pacinottis xfmr, vacuum tubes, speedometer, electron microscope, etc. Tesla-Edison disagree. Tesla goes to work for Westinghouse

Lee DeForest (1873-1961) Added a control "grid" to the Fleming valve to create a vacuum tube RF detector called the Audion. Edwin H. Armstrong turned it into the first electronic amplifier, a tube called the triode. The triode was vital in the creation of long-distance telephone and radio communications, radars, and early electronic digital computers.

Julius Lilienfield (1881-1963) Invented the field-effect transistor. Created the electrolytic capacitor. Credited with discovery of field electron emission. Credited with discovery of plasmons.

Power System Calculations Vload = V s IR wire Vload = IR = V s R / (R + R wire ) = V s / (1 + (R wire /R)) Vload = V s - IR wire Power = V 2 / R = I 2 * R Energy = Power * time Rwire = l/A

Power System Calculations We would like to consider two designs for our wind farm one with a 100 V transmission line the other with a 100 kV transmission line feeding a 1 MW load at nominal voltage How far can we put the turbines from the load if the cables have 1 Ohm/mile resistance (combined) and the losses should be not more than 10% of the load? What is the voltage at the source?

A Story About Niagara Falls The hydroelectric facility at Niagara Falls was the first major power plant created in the United States. The future designs of most power plants had their beginnings here. This was the first battleground of AC versus DC power. AC had just been created only four years earlier and was relatively misunderstood.

AC versus DC Edison was proponent of DC Disadvantage: voltage drop in wires. More the customers (connected in parallel), equivalent load resistance is smaller, implying lower voltage to customers and more drop in wires. Tesla proposed AC: step up voltage, transmit over long distance, step down voltage to load Advantage: lower current over transmission line due to higher voltage; hence lower voltage drop in wires Disadvantage (as portrayed by Edison): residential hazard, dangerous, used to kill people through electrocution or Westinghousing etc. Edison later acknowledged AC was better!

AC versus DC Teslas induction motors were quite efficient as motors and generators. High voltage AC signals can be interrupted when the current crosses zero. DC signals are difficult to interrupt.

Homework Assignment #1 Local Power Observations Power is very important: Walking Dead, Planet of the Apes

The Earth at Night

A Blackout

introduction to electric energy systems fall 2014 mark patterson tth 4:30-5:45, kl-351g

Documents