introduction to general linguistics

7/28/2019 Introduction to General Linguistics

1/55

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL

LINGUISTICS

BY: NAJIHAH ROSLAN AND NUR IZYANI

RASDI


2/55

WORD FORMATION

BORROWING

Market French (market)

Cuisine French (cuisine)

Table French (table)

Fruit French (fruit)

Actor Latin (actor)

Idea Latin (idea)

LOAN

Foie gras

Nouvelle

cuisine

Pate

Delicatessen


3/55

WORD FORMATION

COMPOUNDING

breakfast

supermarket

Worldwide

Lifestyle

Relationship

network


4/55

WORD FORMATION

BLENDING

Rurbanizatio

n

Socioecono

my

Psycho-

sensorial

BACKFORMATION

Act - actor

Produce - production

Create creation

Consumes

consumer

Regulate - regulation


5/55

WORD FORMATION

CONVERSION

Processed food

Countrified food

Colouring

additives

Higher-pricedrestaurants

Virtualized

circumstances

ACRONYMS

AOC (Apellation

dOrigine Controlee)

AOP (Agri-

Opportunities

Program)


6/55

MORPHOLOGICAL

DESCRIPTION1. This is particularly true if we focus on thecomplexity of rural tourist development.

This is particular -ly true if(functional) (functional) (lexical) (derivational) (lexical)

(functional)

we focus on the complex -ity(functional) (lexical) (functional) (functional) (lexical)

(derivational)

of rural tourist develop -ment


7/55

2. We have just seen that heritage evolves in relationto its period environment and actors.

We have just seen thatheritage

(functional) (functional) (functional) (lexical) (functional) (lexical)

evolve -s in relate -ion to(lexical) (inflectional) (functional) (lexical) (derivational)(functional)

its period environ -ment and actor(functional) (lexical) (lexical) (derivational) (functional)(lexical)


8/55

3. It brings about a style of eating which is full of

imaginary symbols.

It bring -s about a style

(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (functional) (functional)

(lexical)

of eat -ing which is full

(functional) (lexical) (derivational) (functional) (functional)

(lexical)

of imagine -ary symbol -s

(functional) (lexical) (derivational) (lexical) (inflectional)


9/55

4. This expresses a deep yearning for balance and a

return to the past.

This express -es a deep yearn

(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (functional) (lexical) (lexical)

-ing for balance and a

return

(derivational) (functional) (lexical) (functional) (functional)

(lexical)

to the past

(functional) (functional) (lexical)


10/55

5. It is an evolving social product constantly under

review and ever changing

It is an evolve -ing

social

(functional) (functional) (functional) (lexical) (derivational)

(lexical)

product constant -ly under re

(lexical) (lexical) (derivational) (functional)(inflectional)

-view and ever change -ing

(lexical) (functional) (functional) (lexical) (inflectional)


11/55

SYNTAX

STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY

stay on the farm

Stay on to the farm house

Stay in the house in the farm Farmstead inns are working farms accepting guests

for meals

The inns are working in the farms

The inns are working farms that accepts guests

that want to dine in.

The inns are farms that take guests and make

them as their meals


12/55

SYNTAX


It brings about a style of eating which is full

of imaginary symbols

Literally eats imaginary symbols

The eating style is full with symbolism.

Heritage may play a major role in decliningareas

Heritage is important in declining areas

Heritage is the main cause why the areas

are declining


13/55

SYNTAX


today, the cheese co-operative employs thirty

people and boasts of faithfully following the

tradition handed down from twelfth-centuryAubrac monks.

The cheese hires 30 employees and give it

to the monks

The cheese cooperation company hires 30

people and give it to the monk.


14/55

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 1


15/55

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 2


16/55

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 3


17/55

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 4


18/55

SYNTAX

TREE DIAGRAM 5


19/55

SYNTAX

SENTENCE STRUCTURE1. a) Thus, men feeds on nutrients but also

on signs, symbols, dreams and on

imagination.

b) Eating reveals ones beliefs and

fundamental imaginary structures.

Surface structure: 1 structure (active voice)

Deep structure :2 structures


20/55

SENTENCE STRUCTURE2. a) Food as a sign of communion: food

shared and eaten with others, is a

fundamental social link.

b) Food sums up and transmits a situation,

it is information and meaning.

Surface structure : 1 structure (active voice)

Deep structure : 1 structure

SYNTAX


21/55

SENTENCE STRUCTURE3. a)Farm fresh products: these are sold by

farmers, either directly to the consumer or

through middleman.b) these inns, in addition to the standard

bed and breakfast, offer a traditional meal

prepared with local produce.

Surface structure : 2 structures

Deep structure : 2 structures

SYNTAX


22/55

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

4. a) These afternoon snacks are prepared

from farm-fresh products.

b) They are often followed by a visit to thefarm or leisure activity.

Surface structure : 1 structure (passive voice)

Deep structure : 2 structures

SYNTAX


23/55

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

5. a) On the one hand, the eater becomes

what he consumes.

b)Eating is the integration or adoption of

the qualities of the food you eat.

Surface structure : 1 structure (active voice)

Deep structure : 1 structure

SYNTAX


24/55

SEMANTIC

ANIMATE HUMAN ANIMAL ADULT MALE FEMALE

CHEF

KNIFE

ACTOR

MEAT

CHICKE

N

SEMANTIC FEATURES


25/55

SEMANTIC ROLES

As tourists come into their area, they buy local

products or eat in restaurants or on farms.

Agent: they (tourists)

Instruments: buy & eat

Themes: products

Locations: restaurant & farms

SEMANTICS


26/55

SEMANTIC ROLES

Man feeds on nutrients but also on signs,

symbols, dreams and on imagination.

Agent: men

Instrument: feeds

Themes: nutrients, signs, symbols, dreams &

imagination.

SEMANTICS


27/55

SEMANTIC ROLES

Yes, what we love in France is its land, its

peasants, its being wild and natural, a land of

memory.Experiencer: we

Instrument: love

Themes: its land, its peasants, its being wild andnatural, a land of memory.

Location: France

SEMANTICS


28/55

SEMANTIC ROLES

In rural France, famous cooks or multi-starred

chefs transmit worldwide a valuable image of

their region.Experiencer: famous cooks & multi-starred chefs

Instrument: transmit

Theme: valuable image of their regionLocation: rural France

SEMANTICS


29/55

SEMANTIC ROLES

Now, about sixty cattle breeders on the Aubrac

Plateau are promoting it.

Agent: Sixty cattle breeders

Instrument: breeding

Theme: it (cattle)

Location: Aubrac Plateau

SEMANTICS


30/55

SEMANTICS

SYNONYMS

True Genuine

Signs Symbols

People Human

Area Space

City UrbanInformation - Knowledge


31/55

ANTONYMY

Interior vs Exterior

More vs Less

Modernity vs Tradition

Past vs Future

Real vs Imagined

SEMANTICS


32/55

HYPONYMY

Cow animal

Cheese food

France country

Chef occupation

Inns -

accommodation

CO- HYPONYMS

Bread, cheese &

wine (food)

Restaurants &supermarkets.

(places)

Chef & farmers

(occupations)

Cow & lamb

(animal)

Wine, whisky,

SEMANTICS


33/55

HOMOPHONES

Meat Meet

Fair Fare

Buy By

It Eat

And - an

SEMANTICS


34/55

HOMONYMS

Show - to make something clear (v)

- a programme on television (n)

Shrink - make smaller in size (v)

- a psychiatrist (n)

May - expressing possibility (modal v)

- Fifth month of the year (n)

SEMANTICS


35/55

HOMONYMS

Sign - Write ones name for

identification

- a symbol used to representsomething

Right - Correct- East side of human body

SEMANTICS


36/55

POLYSEMY

Root - Origin (n)

- part of plant bellow ground (n)

- Support (v)Present - give something to someone (v)

- The period time now occurring (adj)

- a gift (n)

Jam - pack tightly into a space (v)

- improvise with musicians (v)

- a spread made from fruit on bread

(n)

SEMANTICS


37/55

POLYSEMYSpace - become disoriented from drugs (v)

- free, wide area (n)

- physical universe beyond earthsatmosphere (n)

Past - gone by in time (adj)

- a persons earlier life or history (n)- to the other side of something (prep)

SEMANTICS


38/55

METONYMY

Cow cheese

Restaurant food

Inns bed &breakfast

Chef cooking

Celebration food,meals

Farms cow

COLLOCATION

Cheese & Wine

Fruit & Vegetable

Bed & Breakfast

Church & Castle

Past & Future

SEMANTICS


39/55

PRAGMATICS

INVISIBLE MEANING

Stay on the farm

Meaning: Rooms and meals provided next to the

farm, not literally in the stable with the farm

animals.


40/55

LINGUISTIC CONTEXT

1. The number of farmers has continued to

shrink over the years while new categories of

population have gradually appeared.Shrink = smaller in size

2. Is there a convergence between an externalconstruction process of a tourist type and an

internal construction process of a heritage type?

Type = category of people

PRAGMATICS


41/55

LINGUISTIC CONTEXT

3. The rising numbers of retired people, second

homes, weekend and summer visitors testify to

the recreational part played by rural areas. Part = a role

4. Among these are products processed on thefarm, such as cheese,jam, meat or chicken.

Jam = spread made of fruit on bread

PRAGMATICS


42/55

LINGUISTIC CONTENT

5. Bresse poultry fair.

Fair = gathering for the sale of goods.

PRAGMATICS


43/55

PRAGMATICS

DEIXIS Person:

First, I will consider the relevant questions tobe asked in relation to this subject

We have just seen that heritage evolves inrelation to its period, environment and actors.

local development aims at bringing togetherall local actors in a geographical limited area to

merge theirindividual determination We live ourpresent lives with the omnipresentconcern to protect our past..

Eating is the integration or adoption of the

qualities of the food youeat


44/55

PRAGMATICS

DEIXIS

Place

Fabre describes this phenomenon in terms of

the beauty of deathCulinary heritage belongs to thissphere

The tourist phenomenon not only calls into

question the way these areas should be

organized..These labels certify that the products are

protected by labels defining quality

There, the thousand year-old craft of the local

she herds..


45/55

PRAGMATICS

DEIXIS

Time

Now about sixty cattle breeders on the Aubrac

Plateau are promoting it.

The country is more of a landscape than a

place of production; stage-management comes

before the productive function in the general

publics eyesThese traditions are obvious legacy of those

who lived beforeus

Tourism in rural areas seems to be influenced

and idealized today by the myth of nature


46/55

ANAPHORA AND ANTECEDENT

The emphasis on gastronomy is thus

revealing since i t integrates eating into a new

cultural world from both a psychological andphysiological standpoint.

These afternoon snacks are prepared from

farm-fresh products. Theyare often followed

by a visit to the farm or leisure activity.

PRAGMATICS


47/55

ANAPHORA AND ANTECEDENT

A possession or knowledge that we give up or waste

cannot be called heritage since we ascribe no

particular value to i t.Food is a part of physiological, psycho-sensorial,

social and symbolic environment. It has, in addition to

nutritional values, psycho-sensorial and symbolic

characteristics.

Whether called cultural areas or labeled zones, these

new territories based on endogenous development are

perhaps more durable since theyare based on-

PRAGMATICS


48/55

PRAGMATICS

INTERROGATIVE

Why do local cuisine and so-called traditionalproduct arouse such interest?

What exactly are the constituent elements of thisheritage?

How far can its rising value be considered part ofsome new drive in local tourism?

To what extent is there a demand for Frenchrural areas in terms of tourism and gastronomy?

What are the processes whereby local identity isenhanced, valorized and identified?


49/55

PRAGMATICS

DECLARATIVE

The transformation of rural society and culture

cannot be understood from a local perspective

alone. This is particularly true if we focus on the

complexity of rural tourist development

These developments are closely connected with

a redefinition of local rural identity This trend leads to questions about the

relationships between rural tourism and culinary

heritage


50/55

PRAGMATICS

DIRECT SPEECH

What is this gastronomical expectation?

With which criteria and values will the social

group or actors create and re-create heritage? Is there a convergence between the previously-

mentioned tourist values?

To what extend can heritage be conserved and

transmitted without upsetting its identity?

How are local actors rallied around a common

regional project for the promotion of their

heritage?


51/55

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Cohesive links Therefore, people dream of friendly relationships, true

and genuine values, roots.

Thus, man feeds on nutrients but also on signs,symbols dreams and on imagination

Moreover, a modern city dwellers diet sharplycontrasts with traditional eating habits

Furthermore, the myth of the natural may beillustrated by the principle of incorporation definedpreviously

Atthispoint, according to Watcher, localdevelopment aims at bringing together all local actors

in a geographically limited area..


52/55

CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES

1. Quality

Obey (Adequate evidence)

Fabre (1996) describes this phenomenon in terms of thebeauty of death; objects are grasped just as they are about

to disappear and their beauty is measured through the shock

generated by emotion and memory

Against (No evidence) The daughter and granddaughter no longer inherits secret

family recipes.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS


53/55


2. Quantity

Obey (Enough information)

Hervieu-Leger (1996) defines tradition as thecombination of representations, concepts,theoretical and practical know-how, behavioursattitudes, etc that a group accepts to ensure thecontinuity between past and present.

Against (No explanation)

My suggestion is that, in some rural areas, citydwellers develop a local heritage consciousness.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS


54/55


3. Relation

Obey (Relevant)

It also represents integration into a social worldas opposed to the universe of industrialized food.

Eating farm-fresh products, may represent for the

urban tourist an appropriation of rural identity.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS


55/55


4. Manner

Obey (Direct)

The number of farmers has continued to shrinkover the years while new categories of population

have gradually appeared.

Against (Ambiguous) Stay on the farm.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

introduction to general linguistics

Documents