introduction to genetics: dna grades 9-12 matt cardinal
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Genetics: DNA
Grades 9-12
Matt Cardinal
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Where is DNA?• Most Organisms in the world have DNA
• It plays an important role on the function of an organism
• DNA is found in cells and all animals are made up of cells
• DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell
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Structure of DNA• James Watson and Francis Crick – 1953
• Double Helix shape– Allows it to be easily opened and closed
• Composed of nucleotide bases, sugars, and phosphates
• Four bases are: adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine
• Adenine and Thymine pair together
• Cytosine and Guanine pair together
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Functions of DNA
• Requires enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals
• Replication – making copies
• Protein synthesis – creation of molecules
• Regulation
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Replication
• Nuclear enzymes help break the bonds between the nucleotide bases
• Unwinds DNA
• Copying of DNA is required for mitosis and meiosis
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DNA Replication
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Protein Synthesis
• Process by which proteins are produced
• Proteins is a string of amino acids
• Code is three nucleotide bases long called triplets
• 64 possible three-letter combinations but only 20 possible amino acids
• Some are start and stop amino acids
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription
• Copying the DNA message to RNA
• Message transcribed onto RNA
• mRNA takes message from the DNA
• Instead of thymine, RNA uses uracil
• The triplets transcribed onto RNA are called codons
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Protein Synthesis: Translation
• Chemical signals initiate translation
• Translation is the process of converting the mRNA message into a protein
• tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome
• Create bonds between amino acids
• Result is a string of amino acids
• Folding occurs to produce a protein
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Regulation
• Error rate of 1 in 10 billion
• Monitoring system – aligns enzymes with bases
• Proofreading system – examines the nucleotides
• Repair system – repairs the segment
• Repair mechanism – repairs damage from external sources
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Summary
• DNA replication, protein synthesis, and regulation are important for everyday life. Without it, life would not exist.
• DNA is a major part of heredity. Each individual has unique DNA that is received from the parents
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