introduction to geology summer hssp 2007 einat lev & christy till dept. of earth, atmospheric,...
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![Page 1: Introduction to Geology Summer HSSP 2007 Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649ebe5503460f94bc879a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to GeologyIntroduction to GeologySummer HSSP 2007Summer HSSP 2007
Einat Lev & Christy TillDept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Sciences
MIT
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Why study geology?
Why study geology?
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Curiosity and passion for nature!
Curiosity and passion for nature!
http://www.vulkaner.no/v/volcan/panarea_e.html
Iguazu waterfalls, Argentina
Torres del Paine, Chile
Stromboli, Italy
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Dept. of Transportation website
IRIS website
http://americandigest.org/mt-archives/lagunalandslide1.jpg
Geologic HazardsGeologic Hazards
Landslides
VolcanoesEarthquakes
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http://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/255352
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1158
Origin of life and the planets
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An Intellectual ChallengeAn Intellectual Challenge
Understanding nature!!!
Mathematics Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Engineering
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… … and we get to works OUTSIDE!and we get to works OUTSIDE!GPS stations
Seismometers
Gravimeters
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What do geologists do for a living?
What do geologists do for a living?
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Teaching
Exploration
Research labs
Government
Consulting and planning
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HSSP Summer 2007 - Topics Covered
HSSP Summer 2007 - Topics Covered
Intro to Geology & Plate Tectonics
Volcanoes & Geochemistry
Rock types
Earthquakes & Seismology
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Determining the age of rocks
Structural Geology
Planetary Geology
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“The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”?“The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”?
“The Ring of Fire”
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Earthquakes and
Volcanoes around the
world
Earthquakes and
Volcanoes around the
world
http://ww
w.quakes.uq.edu.au/seis_m
aps/im
ages/Seism
icity-world.gif
http://earth.rice.edu/MT
PE
/geo/
geosph
ere/hot/volcanoes/
volcanoes_b2.h
tml
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Earthquakes of the world
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Present day tectonic platesPresent day tectonic plates
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Present day tectonic platesPresent day tectonic plates
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1858: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini,
French Geographer
1858: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini,
French Geographer
1912Alfred Lothar Wegener
32 year old meteorologistProposed theory of “continental
drift”
1912Alfred Lothar Wegener
32 year old meteorologistProposed theory of “continental
drift”
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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How do we know the plates fit together?
How do we know the plates fit together?
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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Location of the
continents since
225 million years ago
Location of the
continents since
225 million years ago
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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Movie – The break-up of PangeaMovie – The break-up of Pangea
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Why did Pangea break apart?
How do the plates move?
Why did Pangea break apart?
How do the plates move?
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The types of plate boundariesThe types of plate boundaries
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading)
http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php
Movie
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http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/Lec12.html
Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading)
Mid-ocean ridge
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Mid-ocean ridges (MORs)
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http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/Lec12.html
Modern example of a new divergent boundary
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How do we study mid-ocean ridges?
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Black smoker eruptinghigh temperature gases
Lavas erupted underwaterform pillow shapes
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But the surface of the Earth isn’t growing….
How are plates destroyed?
But the surface of the Earth isn’t growing….
How are plates destroyed?
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The types of plate boundariesThe types of plate boundaries
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php
Movie
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Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_12.asp
ocean-ocean subduction ocean-cont. subduction
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/117-IntroductiontoGeology/Lec19/lec19b.html
continent-continent collision
ocean-continent subduction
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Can we see the subducted plate? YES!
Can we see the subducted plate? YES!
http://www.ncedc.org/anss/maps/cnss-depth.html
Zhao et al, Science, 1997
Seismic tomography
Earthquakes location
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One other way plates interact
One other way plates interact
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The types of plate boundariesThe types of plate boundaries
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
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Transform boundaries (strike-slip faults)
San Andreas Fault
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/ex4s02answers.htm
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php
Movie - Transform plate boundary in Western US
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
What are the plates moving over?
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
What causes the plates to move?
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http://skolelab.uib.no/kurs/2004v/North_Atlantic_bathymetry_300.jpg
What is the tectonic setting of Boston?
MIT
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Volcanoes!!!Volcanoes!!!
Next time – Next time –